The cover image is based on the Original Article DHA modulates MANF and TREM2 abundance, enhances neurogenesis, reduces infarct size, and improves neurological function after experimental ischemic stroke by Ludmila Belayev et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13444.

Pharmaco-genetic activating parvalbumin neurons of the seizure focus limitedly retarded the progression of behavioral seizure stage and afterdischarge duration (ADD) during epileptogenesis in hippocampal kindling mice. On the contrary, Pharmaco-genetic inhibiting pyramidal neurons of the seizure focus robustly retarded epileptogenesis.

General anesthesia has been widely applied in surgery for more than 170 years. However, its underlying mechanisms are still a mystery. It was reported that dopaminergic pathways in the brain are crucial for the emergence from general anesthesia. We previously also found that reductions of ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) dopaminergic neurons numbers shortened the induction time and prolonged the emergence time from propofol anesthesia. However, the role of GABA_A receptor in ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) dopamine (DA) neurons in the isoflurane-induced unconsciousness has yet to be identified. Here, using real time in vivo fiber photometry, we found that neuronal activity in the vPAG was markedly disinhibited during the recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Subsequently, microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the vPAG to selectively kill DA neurons shortened the induction time and prolonged the emergence time, with an increase of δ-band power in cortical electroencephalogram (EEG). Then, microinjection of GABA_A receptor selective agonist (muscimol) into the vPAG notably accelerated the induction of anesthesia and delayed recovery from isoflurane anesthesia, with a decrease of δ power and an augment of β power. Microinjection of GABA_A receptor antagonist (gabazine) generated the opposite effects. Finally, whole-cell patch clamp was applied to further explore the cellular mechanism underlying modulation of GABA_A receptor on vPAG-DA neurons under isoflurane anesthesia. Our data demonstrated that the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) of vPAG-DA neurons was enhanced by isoflurane. GABA_A receptor agonist enhanced the effect of isoflurane on sIPSC, and its actions were eliminated by application of gabazine. Collectively, these results indicate that isoflurane activates GABA_A receptor to affect GABA neuron and vPAG-DA neurons. Then, isoflurane directly suppressed the activity of wake-promoting vPAG-DA neurons to induce anesthesia or activate GABA neuron to indirectly inhibit vPAG-DA neurons causing the reduction of DA. Our results suggest that vPAG-DA neurons are involved in isoflurane anesthesia through activation of the GABA_A receptor.

Hypercapnia-induced mitophagy inhibition promotes pyroptosis and enhances IL-1β and IL-18 release in hypoxia-activated microglia.

Expression of B3GNT5, the key glycosyltransferase in the biosynthesis of the glycosphingolipid, was significantly elevated in GSCs compared with normal astrocytes, glioma cell lines, and their matched differentiated tumor cells. Knockdown of B3GNT5 in GSCs decreased the neurosphere formation. Patients with high B3GNT5 expression had a short overall survival.

MANF and TREM2 were upregulated following focal cerebral ischemia. DHA treatment enhanced MANF abundance in neurons and astrocytes and suppressed TREM2 expression in activated microglia and astrocytes, which contributed to neurogenesis and neurological recovery.

The self-designed TEFTS was proved to be effective and safe to inhibit tumor growth and improve general outcomes of Glioma.The instrument with random sequential electric field direction and adjustable intensity and frequency can apply electric field to the rapidly proliferating tumor cells from all directions in order to achieve the best curative effects.

Pathways affecting TNF-α are involved in immune signaling. Whole-exome sequencing in 116 members of 19 families including at least two patients with multiple sclerosis was performed. Several nonsynonymous variants in TNF-α pathways were found. The findings support the idea that the risk of familial MS is associated with variants of TNF-α signaling pathways.

The present study conducts a Bayesian network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of different pharmacotherapies for patents comorbid with alcohol use disorders and depressive symptoms. Disulfiram was associated with the best efficacy in achieving abstinence, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor was demonstrated to be the best choice to reduce the scores of depression scales, and antiepileptics might be beneficial to both alcohol-related and depressive symptoms.