Volume 45, Issue 6 e14038

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: A clean energy technology for green extraction

Asaad Rehman Al-Hilphy,

Asaad Rehman Al-Hilphy

Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Contribution: Supervision, Software, Conceptualization

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Abdul-Hadi K. Ahmed,

Abdul-Hadi K. Ahmed

Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Contribution: Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization

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Mohsen Gavahian,

Corresponding Author

Mohsen Gavahian

[email protected]

orcid.org/0000-0002-4904-0519

Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

Correspondence

Dr. Mohsen Gavahian, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.

Email: [email protected]

Contribution: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Writing - review & editing

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Ho-Hsien Chen,

Ho-Hsien Chen

Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

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Farid Chemat,

Farid Chemat

orcid.org/0000-0002-1712-3969

GREEN Team Extraction, UMR408, INRA, Université D'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Avignon Cedex, France

Contribution: Supervision, Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing - review & editing

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Thamer-K.M. Al-Behadli,

Thamer-K.M. Al-Behadli

Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Contribution: Investigation, Methodology, Resources

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Mohd Zuhair Mohd Nor,

Mohd Zuhair Mohd Nor

orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-4251

Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

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So'bah Ahmad,

So'bah Ahmad

School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

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Asaad Rehman Al-Hilphy,

Asaad Rehman Al-Hilphy

Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Contribution: Supervision, Software, Conceptualization

Search for more papers by this author

Abdul-Hadi K. Ahmed,

Abdul-Hadi K. Ahmed

Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Contribution: Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization

Search for more papers by this author

Mohsen Gavahian,

Corresponding Author

Mohsen Gavahian

[email protected]

orcid.org/0000-0002-4904-0519

Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

Correspondence

Dr. Mohsen Gavahian, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.

Email: [email protected]

Contribution: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Writing - review & editing

Search for more papers by this author

Ho-Hsien Chen,

Ho-Hsien Chen

Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

Search for more papers by this author

Farid Chemat,

Farid Chemat

orcid.org/0000-0002-1712-3969

GREEN Team Extraction, UMR408, INRA, Université D'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Avignon Cedex, France

Contribution: Supervision, Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing - review & editing

Search for more papers by this author

Thamer-K.M. Al-Behadli,

Thamer-K.M. Al-Behadli

Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Contribution: Investigation, Methodology, Resources

Search for more papers by this author

Mohd Zuhair Mohd Nor,

Mohd Zuhair Mohd Nor

orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-4251

Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

Search for more papers by this author

So'bah Ahmad,

So'bah Ahmad

School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia

Contribution: Writing - review & editing

Search for more papers by this author

First published: 27 March 2022

https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14038

Citations: 2

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Abstract

Conventional essential oil extraction systems cannot meet the green extraction concepts and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative systems based on clean energy. The present study aims to investigate the possibility of essential oil extraction using solar energy without utilizing synthetic solvents. Hence, an eco-friendly solar energy-based extraction system (SEE) was developed to extract essential oils from cloves and cinnamon barks, orange and lemon peels, eucalyptus leaves, and cardamom seeds. Essential oils were assessed in terms of yield, physical properties, and chemical composition using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry assay. Also, the process sustainability was analyzed by the green extraction evaluation approach, and results were compared with those of traditional hydro-distillation (THD). Replacing THD with SEE increased the extraction time by 0.65, 0.80, 0.41, 0.61, 0.39, and 0.45 h for processing clove, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom, respectively. The optimum solar radiation for extraction was about 1000 W/m². Also, oxygen compounds (96.45, 79.640, 42.98, and 83.76%) comprised the main proportion in the clove, cinnamon, eucalyptus, and cardamom essential oils, while orange and lemon essential oils had a high presence of terpenes. Furthermore, essential oils obtained by SEE had a similar yield and alcohol solubility to THD. According to green extraction process analysis, solar energy-based extraction was 23–34% greener than THD, depending on the type of plant material.

Practical Applications

The innovative solar-based extraction system designed and developed in this research can be used at farms and small factories to obtain essential oils using the zero-energy concept. From the energy consumption viewpoint, this technology can be regarded as “free process” which can reduce production costs. Also, the unique design of the heating section of this new system prevents overheating of the sample, making this new solar-based system suitable for the extraction of thermolabile compounds from plant materials. In this sense, obtaining a high-quality essential oil without running cost (in terms of electricity cost), relatively small size, and low capital cost makes this system practical for future applications.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Open Research

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The authors elect to not share data.

Supporting Information

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Volume45, Issue6

Special Issue:Design and Development of Food Processing Equipment

June 2022

e14038

Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: A clean energy technology for green extraction

Abstract

Practical Applications

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Open Research

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Supporting Information

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Information

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Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: A clean energy technology for green extraction

Abstract

Practical Applications

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Open Research

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Supporting Information

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information