RESEARCH ARTICLE
Garcinia kola and garcinoic acid suppress SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1-induced hyper-inflammation in human PBMCs through inhibition of NF-κB activation
Olumayokun A Olajide,
Victoria U Iwuanyanwu,
Izabela Lepiarz-Raba,
Alaa A Al-Hindawi,
Mutalib A Aderogba,
Hazel L Sharp, Robert J Nash,
Corresponding Author
Olumayokun A Olajide
Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Correspondence
Olumayokun A Olajide, Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorVictoria U Iwuanyanwu
Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Search for more papers by this authorIzabela Lepiarz-Raba
Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAlaa A Al-Hindawi
Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Search for more papers by this authorMutalib A Aderogba
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorOlumayokun A Olajide,
Victoria U Iwuanyanwu,
Izabela Lepiarz-Raba,
Alaa A Al-Hindawi,
Mutalib A Aderogba,
Hazel L Sharp, Robert J Nash,
Corresponding Author
Olumayokun A Olajide
Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Correspondence
Olumayokun A Olajide, Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorVictoria U Iwuanyanwu
Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Search for more papers by this authorIzabela Lepiarz-Raba
Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAlaa A Al-Hindawi
Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Search for more papers by this authorMutalib A Aderogba
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Symptoms and complications associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and organ damage have been linked to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1-induced increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by immune cells. In this study, the effects of an extract of Garcinia kola seeds and garcinoic acid were investigated in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1-stimulated human PBMCs. Results of ELISA experiments revealed that Garcinia kola extract (6.25, 12.5, and 25 μg/ml) and garcinoic acid (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μM) significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1-induced secretion of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 in PBMCs. In-cell western assays showed that pre-treatment with Garcinia kola extract and garcinoic acid reduced expressions of both phospho-p65 and phospho-IκBα proteins, as well as NF-κB DNA binding capacity and NF-κB-driven luciferase expression following stimulation of PBMCs with spike protein S1. Furthermore, pre-treatment of PBMCs with Garcinia kola extract prior to stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 resulted in reduced damage to adjacent A549 lung epithelial cells. These results suggest that the seed of Garcinia kola and garcinoic acid are natural products which may possess pharmacological/therapeutic benefits in reducing cytokine storm in severe SARS-CoV-2 and other coronavirus infections.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
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| ptr7315-sup-0001-Supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 104.8 KB | Data S1. Supplementary information. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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