Metabolomics Reveals that Momordica charantia Attenuates Metabolic Changes in Experimental Obesity
Zhi-gang Gong
Key Lab of Training, Monitoring and Intervention of Aquatic Sports of General Administration of Sport of China, Faculty of Physical Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
Search for more papers by this authorJianbing Zhang
Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yong-Jiang Xu
Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Correspondence to: Yong-Jiang Xu, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorZhi-gang Gong
Key Lab of Training, Monitoring and Intervention of Aquatic Sports of General Administration of Sport of China, Faculty of Physical Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
Search for more papers by this authorJianbing Zhang
Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yong-Jiang Xu
Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Correspondence to: Yong-Jiang Xu, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Momordica charantia L., also known as bitter melon, has been shown to ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance. However, metabolic changes regulated by M. charantia in obesity are not clearly understood. In this study, serums obtained from obese and M. charantia-treated mice were analyzed by using gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and multivariate statistical analysis was performed by Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. The results from this study indicated that body weight fat and insulin levels of obese mice are dramatically suppressed by 8 weeks of dietary supplementation of M. charantia. Metabolomic data revealed that overproductions of energy and nutrient metabolism in obese mice were restored by M. charantia treatment. The antiinflammatory and inhibition of insulin resistance effect of M. charantia in obesity was illustrated with the restoration of free fatty acids and eicosanoids. The findings achieved in this study further strengthen the therapeutic value of using M. charantia to treat obesity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting Information
Figure E1. The TIC chromatography of LC-MS analysis of aqueous extract of M. charantia
Figure E2. Phosphochlines (PCs), diglycerides (DGs) and triglycerides (TGs) changes in HFD mice and Effects of Momordica charantia treatment. Heatmap depicting significant metabolome changes in serum in all treatment groups. Green squares indicate a reduction of up to 2 folds; White squares indicate no significant fold changes; Red square indicates an increase of up to 2 folds.
Figure E3. Momordica charantia does not alter serum metabolic profiles in NCD animals. PCA of global metabolite profiles in the serum of NCD mice treated with (NCD/MCAE) or without M. charantia (NCD), detected by (A) GC-MS analysis or (B) LC-MS analysis. OPLS-DA of global metabolite profiles in the serum of NCD treated with (NCD/MCAE) or without M. charantia (NCD), detected by (C) GC/MS or (D) LC-MS analysis. In PCA and OPLS-DA analysis, the value of R2X and R2Y describes how well the data in the training set are mathematically reproduced, ranging between 0 and 1, where 1 indicates a model with a perfect fit. Models with a Q2 value greater than or equal to 0.5 are generally considered to have good predictive capability. Green open circles, NCD (n = 10); blue diamonds, NCD/MCAE (n = 10). The x axis, t[1], and y axis, t[2], indicate the first and second principle components, respectively
Table E1 The retention time, m/z and relative concentration of main peaks in LC-MS analysis of aqueous extract of M. charantia.
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