Thalamic Magnetic Susceptibility (χ) Alterations in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Studies
Corresponding Author
Sadegh Ghaderi
Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Address reprint requests to: S.G., Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSana Mohammadi
Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAmir Mahmoud Ahmadzadeh
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorKimia Darmiani
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorMelika Arab Bafrani
Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorNahid Jashirenezhad
The Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorMaryam Helfi
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorSanaz Alibabaei
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorSareh Azadi
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorSahar Heidary
Health Institute, Medical Physics Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
Search for more papers by this authorFarzad Fatehi
Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Neurology Department, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Sadegh Ghaderi
Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Address reprint requests to: S.G., Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSana Mohammadi
Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAmir Mahmoud Ahmadzadeh
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorKimia Darmiani
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorMelika Arab Bafrani
Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorNahid Jashirenezhad
The Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorMaryam Helfi
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorSanaz Alibabaei
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorSareh Azadi
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorSahar Heidary
Health Institute, Medical Physics Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
Search for more papers by this authorFarzad Fatehi
Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Neurology Department, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
Search for more papers by this authorSana Mohammadi, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzadeh, Kimia Darmiani, Melika Arab Bafrani, Nahid Jashirenezhad, Maryam Helfi, Sanaz Alibabaei, and Sareh Azadi contributed equally to this study.
Abstract
Background
Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) provides a non-invasive post-processing method to investigate alterations in magnetic susceptibility (χ), reflecting iron content within brain regions implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs).
Purpose
To investigate alterations in thalamic χ in patients with NDDs using QSM.
Study Type
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Population
A total of 696 patients with NDDs and 760 healthy controls (HCs) were included in 27 studies.
Field Strength/Sequence
Three-dimensional multi-echo gradient echo sequence for QSM at mostly 3 Tesla.
Assessment
Studies reporting QSM values in the thalamus of patients with NDDs were included. Following PRISMA 2020, we searched the four major databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase for peer-reviewed studies published until October 2024.
Statistical Tests
Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) between patients and HCs.
Results
The pooled SMD indicated a significant increase in thalamic χ in NDDs compared to HCs (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.05–0.79; k = 27). Notably, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients showed a significant increase in thalamic χ (1.09, 95% CI: 0.65–1.53, k = 2) compared to HCs. Subgroup analyses revealed significant χ alterations in younger patients (mean age ≤ 62 years; 0.56, 95% CI: 0.10–1.02, k = 11) and studies using greater coil channels (coil channels > 16; 0.64, 95% CI: 0.28–1.00, k = 9). Publication bias was not detected and quality assessment indicated that studies with a lower risk of bias presented more reliable findings (0.75, 95% CI: 0.32–1.18, k = 9). Disease type was the primary driver of heterogeneity, while other factors, such as coil type and geographic location, also contributed to variability.
Data Conclusion
Our findings support the potential of QSM for investigating thalamic involvement in NDDs. Future research should focus on disease-specific patterns, thalamic-specific nucleus analysis, and temporal evolution.
Plain Language Summary
Our research investigated changes in iron levels within the thalamus, a brain region crucial for motor and cognitive functions, in patients with various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The study utilized a specific magnetic resonance imaging technique called Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) to measure iron content. It identified a significant increase in thalamic iron levels in NDD patients compared to healthy individuals. This increase was particularly prominent in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, younger individuals, and studies employing advanced imaging equipment.
Level of Evidence
2
Technical Efficacy
Stage 2
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
This article contains all the data produced or analyzed during this investigation. Further inquiries should be forwarded to the corresponding author.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| jmri29698-sup-0001-Supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 530.6 KB | Figure S1. The assessment for sensitivity analysis. Table S1. The search strategies used for database searches. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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