Catalytic co-pyrolysis of macroalgal components with lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biofuels and high-valued chemicals
Benjamin Bernard Uzoejinwa
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorBin Cao
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shuang Wang
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Correspondence
Shuang Wang, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
Email: [email protected]
Xun Hu, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jinan, 250022, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xun Hu
School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
Correspondence
Shuang Wang, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
Email: [email protected]
Xun Hu, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jinan, 250022, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorYamin Hu
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorCheng Pan
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorBin Li
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorChinenye C. Anyadike
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorFelix U. Asoiro
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorNwoke A. Oji
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorAbd El-Fatah Abomohra
Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Search for more papers by this authorZhixia He
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorBenjamin Bernard Uzoejinwa
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorBin Cao
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shuang Wang
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Correspondence
Shuang Wang, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
Email: [email protected]
Xun Hu, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jinan, 250022, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xun Hu
School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
Correspondence
Shuang Wang, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
Email: [email protected]
Xun Hu, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jinan, 250022, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorYamin Hu
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorCheng Pan
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorBin Li
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorChinenye C. Anyadike
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorFelix U. Asoiro
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorNwoke A. Oji
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorAbd El-Fatah Abomohra
Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Search for more papers by this authorZhixia He
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Search for more papers by this authorBenjamin Bernard Uzoejinwa and Bin Caocontributed equally to this study.
Funding information: Key Research and Development Project of Jiangsu Province, Grant/Award Numbers: BE2019009-4, BK20200894; Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Science, Grant/Award Number: E029kf0201; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, Grant/Award Number: BK20200894; National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 52176189
Summary
This study focuses on catalytic co-pyrolysis of a lignocellulosic biomass (rice husk) and main components of the seaweed Enteromorpha clathrata (ie, protein, polysaccharide, and ash) using TGA and Py-GC/MS analytical techniques with the aim and novelty to unveil their catalytic co-pyrolysis thermal behaviors and synergistic effect of interactions between their catalytic co-pyrolysis volatiles for enhanced biofuels and high-valued chemicals production. Thus, in this study, rice husk was treated with macroalgal major components over ZSM-5, MCM-41, and blend of both catalysts using the Py-GC/MS analytical technique to improve the quality of rice husk bio-oil. Thermogravimetric analysis studies of pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis, and catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with seaweed main components were also performed. Effects of HZSM-5, MCM-41, and blend of both catalysts on catalytic co-pyrolysis products distributions were also studied and compared. Results revealed that the quality and chemical compositions of rice husk bio-oil were significantly improved owing to the synergistic effect of interactions between volatiles of rice husk and seaweed main components during catalytic co-pyrolysis. Also, catalytic co-pyrolysis of macroalgal components and lignocellulosic biomass with ZSM-5, MCM-41, and blends of both catalysts were found to considerably reduce the oxygenated compounds, and greatly improved selectivity of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bio-oil. However, MCM-41 offered a stronger positive upgrading effect than ZSM-5 catalyst. This could be attributed to its greater ability in raising the selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons and reduction of activation energies of the degradation reactions. It was also observed that blends of both catalysts offered a higher upgrading effect than ZSM-5 and MCM-41 catalysts alone.
Novelty Statement
- Catalytic c-pyrolysis of macroalgal components and lignocellulosic biomass with ZSM-5, MCM-41, and blends of these catalysts greatly improved selectivity of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bio-oil.
- MCM-41 offered a stronger positive upgrading effect than ZSM-5 in raising the selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons and reduction of activation energies.
- Blends of both catalysts offered a higher upgrading effect than ZSM-5 and MCM-41 catalysts alone.
Highlights
- Catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with major macroalgal components was performed.
- Synergistic effect of catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass & macroalgal components were unveiled.
- Effect of HZSM-5 & MCM-41 catalysts on product distributions were studied & compared.
- Thermal behaviors and mass loss characteristics of degradation processes were unveiled.
REFERENCES
- 1Bayro-Kaiser V, Nelson N. Microalgal hydrogen production: prospects of an essential technology for a clean and sustainable energy economy. Photosynth Res. 2017; 133: 49-62.
- 2Chu S, Cui Y, Liu N. The path towards sustainable energy. Nat Mater. 2017; 16: 16-22.
- 3Cao B, Sun Y, Guo J, et al. Synergistic effects of co-pyrolysis of macroalgae and polyvinyl chloride on bio-oil/bio-char properties and transferring regularity of chlorine. Fuel. 2019; 246: 319-329.
- 4Uzoejinwa BB, He X, Wang S, Abomohra AE-F, Hu Y, Wang Q. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste plastics as a thermochemical conversion technology for high-grade biofuel production: recent progress and future directions elsewhere worldwide. Energy Conver Manage. 2018a; 163: 468-492.
- 5Chen G, Wu X. Energy overview for globalized world economy: source, supply chain and sink. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017; 69: 735-749.
- 6Zhang D, Wang J, Lin Y, et al. Present situation and future prospect of renewable energy in China. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017; 76: 865-871.
- 7Yuan C, Wang S, Cao B, et al. Optimization of hydrothermal co-liquefaction of seaweeds with lignocellulosic biomass: merging 2nd and 3rd generation feedstocks for enhanced bio-oil production. Energy. 2019; 173: 413-422.
- 8Wang S, Wang Q, Jiang X, Han X, Ji H. Compositional analysis of bio-oil derived from pyrolysis of seaweed. Energy Conver Manage. 2013; 68: 273-280.
- 9Wang S, Zhao S, Uzoejinwa BB, et al. A state-of-the-art review on dual purpose seaweeds utilization for wastewater treatment and crude bio-oil production. Energy Conver Manage. 2020; 222:113253.
- 10Wang S, Hu Y, Uzoejinwa BB, et al. Pyrolysis mechanisms of typical seaweed polysaccharides. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2017; 124: 373-383.
- 11Xu S, Uzoejinwa BB, Wang S, et al. Study on co-pyrolysis synergistic mechanism of seaweed and rice husk by investigation of the characteristics of char/coke. Renew Energy. 2019; 132: 527-542.
- 12Esakkimuthu S, Krishnamurthy V, Wang S, Hu X, Swaminathan K, Abomohra AE-F. Application of p-coumaric acid for extraordinary lipid production in Tetradesmus obliquus: a sustainable approach towards enhanced biodiesel production. Renew Energy. 2020; 157: 368-376.
- 13Cao B, Yuan J, Jiang D, et al. Seaweed-derived biochar with multiple active sites as a heterogeneous catalyst for converting macroalgae into acid-free biooil containing abundant ester and sugar substances. Fuel. 2021; 285:119164.
- 14Hu S, Barati B, Odey EA, et al. Experimental study and economic feasibility analysis on the production of bio-oil by catalytic cracking of three kinds of microalgae. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2020; 149:104835.
- 15Wang S, Uzoejinwa BB, Abomohra AE-F, et al. Characterization and pyrolysis behavior of the green microalga Micractinium conductrix grown in lab-scale tubular photobioreactor using Py-GC/MS and TGA/MS. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2018; 135: 340-349.
- 16Azizi K, Moraveji MK, Najafabadi HA. A review on bio-fuel production from microalgal biomass by using pyrolysis method. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2018; 82: 3046-3059.
- 17Pandey A, Lee DJ, Chang J-S, Chisti Y, Soccol CR. Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Biofuels from Algae. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2018.
- 18Abomohra AE-F, Elsayed M, Esakkimuthu S, El-Sheekh M, Hanelt D. Potential of fat, oil and grease (FOG) for biodiesel production: a critical review on the recent progress and future perspectives. Prog Energy Combus Sci. 2020; 81:100868.
- 19Xu S, Elsayed M, Ismail GA, Li C, Wang S, Abomohra AE-F. Evaluation of bioethanol and biodiesel production from Scenedesmus obliquus grown in biodiesel waste glycerol: a sequential integrated route for enhanced energy recovery. Energy Conver Manage. 2019; 197:111907.
- 20Wang S, Yerkebulan M, Abomohra AE-F, El-Khodary S, Wang Q. Microalgae harvest influences the energy recovery: a case study on chemical flocculation of Scenedesmus obliquus for biodiesel and crude bio-oil production. Bioresour Technol. 2019; 286:121371.
- 21Wang S, Karthickeyan V, Sivakumar E, Lakshmikandan M. Experimental investigation on pumpkin seed oil methyl ester blend in diesel engine with various injection pressure, injection timing and compression ratio. Fuel. 2020; 264:116868.
- 22Lakshmikandan M, Murugesan A, Wang S, Abomohra AE-F, Jovita PA, Kiruthiga S. Sustainable biomass production under CO2 conditions and effective wet microalgae lipid extraction for biodiesel production. J Clean Prod. 2020; 247:119398.
- 23Wang S, Hu S, Shang H, et al. Study on the co-operative effect of kitchen wastewater for harvest and enhanced pyrolysis of microalgae. Bioresour Technol. 2020; 317:123983.
- 24Wang S, Zhao S, Cheng X, et al. Study on two-step hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae for improving bio-oil. Bioresour Technol. 2021; 319:124176.
- 25Barati B, Zeng K, Baeyens J, et al. Recent progress in genetically modified microalgae for enhanced carbon dioxide sequestration. Biomass Bioenergy. 2021; 145:105927.
- 26Yuan C, Abomohra AE-F, Wang S, et al. High-grade biofuel production from catalytic pyrolysis of waste clay oil using modified activated seaweed carbon-based catalyst. J Clean Prod. 2021; 313: 127928.
- 27Yuan C, Jiang D, Wang S, et al. Study on catalytic pyrolysis mechanism of seaweed polysaccharide monomer. Combust Flame. 2020; 218: 1-11.
- 28Jiang D, Li J, Wang S, et al. Cyclic compound formation mechanisms during pyrolysis of typical aliphatic acidic amino acids. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2020; 8:16968–16978.
- 29Isahak WNRW, Hisham MW, Yarmo MA, Hin T-YY. A review on bio-oil production from biomass by using pyrolysis method. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012; 16: 5910-5923.
- 30Huber GW, Brown RC. Prospects and challenges of pyrolysis technologies for biomass conversion. Energ Technol. 2017; 5: 5-6.
- 31Fermoso J, Pizarro P, Coronado JM, Serrano DP. Advanced biofuels production by upgrading of pyrolysis bio-oil. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Energy Environ. 2017; 6:e245.
- 32Zhang H, Xiao R, Nie J, Jin B, Shao S, Xiao G. Catalytic pyrolysis of black-liquor lignin by co-feeding with different plastics in a fluidized bed reactor. Bioresour Technol. 2015; 192: 68-74.
- 33Liu S, Xie Q, Zhang B, et al. Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of corn Stover and scum for bio-oil production with CaO and HZSM-5 as the catalyst. Bioresour Technol. 2016; 204: 164-170.
- 34Zhang X, Lei H, Zhu L, et al. Thermal behavior and kinetic study for catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastics. Bioresour Technol. 2016; 220: 233-238.
- 35Xiang Z, Liang J, Morgan HM Jr, Liu Y, Mao H, Bu Q. Thermal behavior and kinetic study for co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with polyethylene over cobalt modified ZSM-5 catalyst by thermogravimetric analysis. Bioresour Technol. 2018; 247: 804-811.
- 36Xue Y, Kelkar A, Bai X. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and polyethylene in a tandem micropyrolyzer. Fuel. 2016; 166: 227-236.
- 37Hu Y, Wang H, Lakshmikandan M, et al. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of seaweeds and cellulose using mixed ZSM-5 and MCM-41 for enhanced crude bio-oil production. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2021; 143: 827-842.
- 38Xu S, Cao B, Uzoejinwa BB, et al. Synergistic effects of catalytic co-pyrolysis of macroalgae with waste plastics. Proce Safety and Environ Protec. 2020; 137: 34-48.
- 39Marrakchi F, Zafar FF, Wei M, Wang S. Cross-linked FeCl3-activated seaweed carbon/MCM-41/alginate hydrogel composite for effective biosorption of bisphenol a plasticizer and basic dye from aqueous solution. Bioresour Technol. 2021; 331:125046.
- 40Grimmer G. Environmental Carcinogens: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Boca Raton, FL: Crc Press; 2018.
- 41Williams PT, Nugranad N. Comparison of products from the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of rice husks. Energy. 2000; 25: 493-513.
- 42Lorenzetti C, Conti R, Fabbri D, Yanik J. A comparative study on the catalytic effect of H-ZSM5 on upgrading of pyrolysis vapors derived from lignocellulosic and proteinaceous biomass. Fuel. 2016; 166: 446-452.
- 43Iliopoulou EF, Triantafyllidis KS, Lappas AA. Overview of catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors toward the production of fuels and high-value chemicals. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Energy Environ. 2019; 8:e322.
- 44Sajdak M, Muzyka R, Hrabak J, Słowik K. Use of plastic waste as a fuel in the co-pyrolysis of biomass: part III: optimisation of the co-pyrolysis process. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2015; 112: 298-305.
- 45Önal E, Uzun BB, Pütün AE. Bio-oil production via co-pyrolysis of almond shell as biomass and high density polyethylene. Energy Conver Manage. 2014; 78: 704-710.
- 46Uzoejinwa BB, He X, Wang S, et al. Co-pyrolysis of macroalgae and lignocellulosic biomass. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019; 136: 2001-2016.
- 47Abnisa F, Daud WMAW. A review on co-pyrolysis of biomass: an optional technique to obtain a high-grade pyrolysis oil. Energy Conver Manage. 2014; 87: 71-85.
- 48Dorado C, Mullen CA, Boateng AA. Origin of carbon in aromatic and olefin products derived from HZSM-5 catalyzed co-pyrolysis of cellulose and plastics via isotopic labeling. Appl Catal Environ. 2015; 162: 338-345.
- 49Mullen CA, Dorado C, Boateng AA. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of switchgrass and polyethylene over hzsm-5: catalyst deactivation and coke formation. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2018; 129: 195-203.
- 50Li Z, Zhong Z, Zhang B, Wang W, Seufitelli GV, Resende FL. Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of waste greenhouse plastic films and rice husk using hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieve. Waste Manag. 2020; 102: 561-568.
- 51Binnal P, Mali VS, Karjekannavar SP, Mogaveera SR. Enhancing gasoline range hydrocarbons by catalytic co-pyrolysis of Rice husk with low density polyethylene (LDPE) using zeolite Socony Mobil# 5 (ZSM-5). Periodica Polytechnica Chem Eng. 2020; 64: 221-229.
- 52Wang S, Cao B, Feng Y, et al. Co-pyrolysis and catalytic co-pyrolysis of Enteromorpha clathrata and rice husk. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019; 135: 2613-2623.
- 53Naqvi SR, Hameed Z, Tariq R, et al. Synergistic effect on co-pyrolysis of rice husk and sewage sludge by thermal behavior, kinetics, thermodynamic parameters and artificial neural network. Waste Manag. 2019; 85: 131-140.
- 54Hopa DY, Alagöz O, Yılmaz N, Dilek M, Arabacı G, Mutlu T. Biomass co-pyrolysis: effects of blending three different biomasses on oil yield and quality. Waste Manag Res. 2019; 37: 925-933.
- 55Hossain M, Islam M, Rahman M, Kader M, Haniu H. Biofuel from co-pyrolysis of solid tire waste and rice husk. Energy Procedia. 2017; 110: 453-458.
- 56Pinto F, Miranda M, Costa P. Co-pyrolysis of wastes mixtures obtained from rice production: upgrading of produced liquids. Chem Eng Trans. 2015; 43: 2053-2058.
- 57Costa P, Pinto F, Miranda M, André RN. Study of the experimental conditions of the co-pyrolysis of rice husk and plastic wastes. Chem Eng Trans. 2014; 39: 1639-1644.
- 58Mohammed IY, Lim CH, Kazi FK, Yusup S, Lam HL, Abakr YA. Co-pyrolysis of rice husk with underutilized biomass species: a sustainable route for production of precursors for fuels and valuable chemicals. Waste Biomass Valoriz. 2017; 8: 911-921.
- 59S. Yusup, " Co-pyrolysis of Rice Husk with Underutilized Biomass Species: A Sustainable Route for Production of Precursors for Fuels and Valuable Chemicals, 2017.
- 60Chen W, Chen Y, Yang H, et al. Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and microalgae: products characteristics and interaction effect. Bioresour Technol. 2017; 245: 860-868.
- 61Hu Y, Wang H, Lakshmikandan M, et al. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of seaweeds and cellulose using mixed ZSM-5 and MCM-41 for enhanced crude bio-oil production. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2021; 143: 827-842.
- 62Dorado C, Mullen CA, Boateng AA. H-ZSM5 catalyzed co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2013; 2: 301-311.
- 63Zhou H, Wu C, Onwudili JA, Meng A, Zhang Y, Williams PT. Effect of interactions of PVC and biomass components on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during fast co-pyrolysis. RSC Adv. 2015; 5:11371–11377.
- 64Yanik J, Stahl R, Troeger N, Sinag A. Pyrolysis of algal biomass. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2013; 103: 134-141.
- 65García-Vaquero M, Rajauria G, O'doherty J, Sweeney T. Polysaccharides from macroalgae: recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification. Food Res Int. 2017; 99: 1011-1020.
- 66Galland-Irmouli A-V, Fleurence J, Lamghari R, et al. Nutritional value of proteins from edible seaweed Palmaria palmata (Dulse). J Nutr Biochem. 1999; 10: 353-359.
- 67García-Vaquero M, López-Alonso M, Hayes M. Assessment of the functional properties of protein extracted from the brown seaweed Himanthalia elongata (Linnaeus) SF Gray. Food Res Int. 2017; 99: 971-978.
- 68Wang S, Hu Y, He Z, Wang Q, Xu S. Study of pyrolytic mechanisms of seaweed based on different components (soluble polysaccharides, proteins, and ash). J Renew Sustain Energy. 2017; 9:23102.
- 69Cao B, Xia Z, Wang S, et al. A study on catalytic co-pyrolysis of cellulose with seaweeds polysaccharides over ZSM-5: towards high-quality biofuel production. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2018; 134: 526-535.
- 70Kasimala MB, Mebrahtu L, Mehari A, Tsighe KN. Proximate composition of three abundant species of seaweeds from red sea coast in Massawa, Eritrea. J Algal Biomass Utiliz. 2017; 8:44–49e.
- 71Pirian K, Jeliani ZZ, Arman M, Sohrabipour J, Yousefzadi M. Proximate analysis of selected macroalgal species from the Persian Gulf as a nutritional resource. Trop Life Sci Res. 2020; 31: 1.
- 72Jianguo X, Zhaolong W. The study of pyrolysis property of pulverized coal by thermogravimetry. J Combus Sci Technol. 1999; 5: 175-179.
- 73Wu Z, Wang S, Zhao J, Chen L, Meng H. Thermal behavior and char structure evolution of bituminous coal blends with edible fungi residue during co-pyrolysis. Energy Fuel. 2014; 28: 1792-1801.
- 74Wang J, Jiang J, Zhong Z, et al. Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of bamboo sawdust and waste plastics for enhanced aromatic hydrocarbons production using synthesized CeO2/γ-Al2O3 and HZSM-5. Energ Conver Manage. 2019; 196: 759-767.
- 75Zhang H, Nie J, Xiao R, Jin B, Dong C, Xiao G. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and different plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene) to improve hydrocarbon yield in a fluidized-bed reactor. Energy Fuel. 2014; 28: 1940-1947.
- 76Aboulkas A, El Bouadili A. Thermal degradation behaviors of polyethylene and polypropylene. Part I: pyrolysis kinetics and mechanisms. Energy Conver Manage. 2010; 51: 1363-1369.
- 77Hu G, Li J, Zhang X, Li Y. Investigation of waste biomass co-pyrolysis with petroleum sludge using a response surface methodology. J Environ Manage. 2017; 192: 234-242.
- 78Mishra RK, Mohanty K. Pyrolysis kinetics and thermal behavior of waste sawdust biomass using thermogravimetric analysis. Bioresour Technol. 2018; 251: 63-74.
- 79Abouzeid H, Abdelaal NM, Abdou MA, et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism and susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children: a multicenter study. Pediatr Res. 2018; 84: 639.
- 80Sharara MA, Holeman N, Sadaka SS, Costello TA. Pyrolysis kinetics of algal consortia grown using swine manure wastewater. Bioresour Technol. 2014; 169: 658-666.
- 81Di Blasi C, Branca C. Kinetics of primary product formation from wood pyrolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2001; 40: 5547-5556.
- 82Li C-Z. Importance of volatile–char interactions during the pyrolysis and gasification of low-rank fuels–a review. Fuel. 2013; 112: 609-623.
- 83Song Y, Wang Y, Hu X, et al. Effects of volatile–char interactions on in situ destruction of nascent tar during the pyrolysis and gasification of biomass. Part I. roles of nascent char. Fuel. 2014; 122: 60-66.
- 84Kim H, Shafaghat H, Kim J-k, et al. Stabilization of bio-oil over a low cost dolomite catalyst. Korean J Chem Eng. 2018; 35: 922-925.
- 85Kim S, Tsang YF, Kwon EE, Lin K-YA, Lee J. Recently developed methods to enhance stability of heterogeneous catalysts for conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks. Korean J Chem Eng. 2019; 36: 1-11.
- 86Rahman MM, Liu R, Cai J. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass over zeolites for high quality bio-oil–a review. Fuel Process Technol. 2018; 180: 32-46.
- 87Ryu HW, Tsang YF, Lee HW, et al. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of cellulose and linear low-density polyethylene over MgO-impregnated catalysts with different acid-base properties. Chem Eng J. 2019; 373: 375-381.
- 88Ryu HW, Kim DH, Jae J, Lam SS, Park ED, Park Y-K. Recent advances in catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste for the production of petroleum-like hydrocarbons. Bioresour Technol. 2020; 310: 123473.
- 89Jae J, Tompsett GA, Foster AJ, et al. Investigation into the shape selectivity of zeolite catalysts for biomass conversion. J Catal. 2011; 279: 257-268.
- 90Carlson TR, Cheng Y-T, Jae J, Huber GW. Production of green aromatics and olefins by catalytic fast pyrolysis of wood sawdust. Energy Environ Sci. 2011; 4: 145-161.
- 91Hassan H, Lim J, Hameed B. Recent progress on biomass co-pyrolysis conversion into high-quality bio-oil. Bioresour Technol. 2016; 221: 645-655.
- 92Zhang X, Lei H, Chen S, Wu J. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with polymers: a critical review. Green Chem. 2016; 18: 4145-4169.
- 93Li X, Zhang H, Li J, et al. Improving the aromatic production in catalytic fast pyrolysis of cellulose by co-feeding low-density polyethylene. Appl Catal Gen. 2013; 455: 114-121.
- 94Charoenwiangnuea P, Maihom T, Kongpracha P, Sirijaraensre J, Limtrakul J. Adsorption and decarbonylation of furfural over H-ZSM-5 zeolite: a DFT study. RSC Adv. 2016; 6:105888–105894.
- 95Stöcker M. Biofuels and biomass-to-liquid fuels in the biorefinery: catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using porous materials. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008; 47: 9200-9211.
- 96Cheng Y-T, Huber GW. Production of targeted aromatics by using Diels–Alder classes of reactions with furans and olefins over ZSM-5. Green Chem. 2012; 14: 3114-3125.
