Synthesis of cyclotriphosphazene-containing imidazole as a thermally latent hardener for epoxy resins and its application in carbon fiber reinforced composites
Siyao Zhu
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Data curation (lead), Investigation (lead), Writing - original draft (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorTongtong Zheng
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Data curation (supporting), Investigation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorFan Li
Research and Development Department, Shanghai Yong Li Belting Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Funding acquisition (equal), Resources (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorLi Wang
Research and Development Department, Shanghai Yong Li Belting Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Funding acquisition (equal), Resources (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorQiuran Jiang
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Resources (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yi Wei
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Yi Wei and Wanshuang Liu, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wanshuang Liu
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Yi Wei and Wanshuang Liu, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Supervision (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorSiyao Zhu
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Data curation (lead), Investigation (lead), Writing - original draft (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorTongtong Zheng
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Data curation (supporting), Investigation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorFan Li
Research and Development Department, Shanghai Yong Li Belting Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Funding acquisition (equal), Resources (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorLi Wang
Research and Development Department, Shanghai Yong Li Belting Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Funding acquisition (equal), Resources (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorQiuran Jiang
Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Contribution: Resources (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yi Wei
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Yi Wei and Wanshuang Liu, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wanshuang Liu
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, Shanghai, China
Correspondence
Yi Wei and Wanshuang Liu, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint), Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Supervision (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Composite, Grant/Award Number: 2232020A4-10; Shanghai High Performance Fibers and Composites Center (Province-Ministry Joint)
Abstract
In this study, a latent imidazole hardener (CPI) for epoxy resins was synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction between 2-methyl imidazolium (2MI) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). The chemical structure of CPI was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR. Curing kinetic studies (Kissinger and Ozawa methods) manifest that epoxy systems cured by CPI show higher apparent activation energy and curing temperatures than those cured by 2MI. Compared with 2MI, CPI shows distinctly improved thermal latency toward epoxy groups at both room temperature and 80°C, owing to the steric hindrance and electron-withdrawing effects of the introduced cyclotriphosphazene group. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and three-point bending tests indicate that the epoxy resins cured by CPI exhibit higher glass transition temperatures and comparable flexural properties in comparison to the corresponding epoxy resins cured by 2MI. As expected, the epoxy resins cured by CPI also show improved flame retardancy ascribed to the introduction of phosphorus and nitrogen elements. Finally, the optimized CPI/epoxy system was used as the polymer matrix to fabricate carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs), and the resulting CFRCs show superior mechanical performance compared with the CFRCs based on the 2MI/epoxy system.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Research data are not shared.
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