Peanut Oil
Edible Oil and Fat Products: Edible Oils
Harold E. Pattee,
Harold E. Pattee
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Search for more papers by this authorHarold E. Pattee,
Harold E. Pattee
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
This chapter provides a background on the origin of the peanut, spreading of the peanut from its source of origin, and evolution of the peanut oil industry. A 30-year summation of world peanut production, peanut oil and meal production, and utilization of these products provides an overview of the changes in sources of production and consumption that has occurred within this time period across the 11 major peanut producing countries. Over the last 30 years (1972–2002), there has been a 22% increase in the area harvested, a 51% increase in yield, and a 92% increase in total peanut oil consumption. Advances in oil extraction procedures are presented, as are advances in the development of the high oleic peanut oil sources. Compositional aspects of peanut oil are reviewed. Other subject areas are the use of peanut oil as a seed protectant, dietary aspects, and allergenicity.
References
- 1 H. T. Stalker and C. E. Simpson, in H. E. Pattee and H. T. Stalker, ed., Advances in Peanut Science, Am. Peanut Res. & Educ. Soc., Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1995, p. 15.
- 2 A. Krapovickas (English translation), in P. J. Ucko and I. S. Falk, eds., The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Gerald Duckworth Co. Ltd., London, U.K., 1969, pp. 424–441.
- 3 D. J. Banks, Am. J. Bot., 74, 724 (Abstr) (1987).
- 4 D. J. Banks, Am. J. Bot., 75, 158 (Abstr) (1988).
- 5 D. J. Banks, T. Pozorski, S. Pozorski, and C. B. Donnan, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., 25, 34 (Abstr) (1993).
- 6W. Alva, Nat. Geograph., 174, 510 (1988).
- 7 C. B. Donnan, Nat. Geograph., 174, 550 (1988).
- 8 R. O. Hammons, in Peanut—Culture and Uses, Am. Peanut Res. & Educ. Assoc., Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1972, p 17.
- 9 USDA. FAS, Production Estimates and Crops Assessment Div. (Oct. 2002). World Agricultural Production. Available: http://www.fas.usda.gov.
- 10 USDA. (2002). FAS, Production, Supply & Distribution Online, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.fas.usda.gov/psd/complete_files/default.asp.
- 11 F. R. Johnson, The Peanut Story, Johnson Publishing Co., Murfreesboro, North Carolina, 1964, p. 164.
- 12 G. E. Brooks, J. African History, 16, 29 (1975).
- 13 Unknown, Scientific Amer., April 21, 243 (1900).
- 14 J. G. Woodroof, Peanuts: Production, Processing, Products, Avi Publishing Co., Westport, Connecticut, 1983.
- 15 G. R. Ziegler and Y-J. Liaw, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 947 (1993).
- 16 G. Hoffman, The Chemistry and Technology of Edible Oils and Fats and Their High Fat Products, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, California, 1989.
- 17 M. Matricardi, R. Hesketh, and S. Farrell, Technical Note-20, Supercritical Fluid Technologies, Inc, Newark, Delaware, 2002.
- 18 E. Stahl, E. Schutz, and H. K. Mangold, J. Agric. Food Chem., 28, 1153 (1980).
- 19 J. J. Snyder, J. P. Friedrich, and D. D. Christianson, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 1851 (1984).
- 20 J. W. Goodrum and M. B. Kilgo, Trans. ASAE, 30, 1865 (1987).
- 21 T. H. Sanders, in Proc. World Conference on Oilseed Processing and Utilization, American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, Illinois, 2001, p. 141.
- 22 A. Rosendahl, D. L. Pyle, and K. Niranjan, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 19, 402 (1996).
- 23 K. C. Rhee, C. M. Cater, and K. F. Mattil, J. Food Sci., 37, 90 (1972).
- 24A. Sharma, S. K. Khare, and M. N. Gupta, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 79, 215 (2002).
- 25 M. Esaka, K. Suzuki, and K. Kubota, Agric. Biol. Chem., 50, 2395 (1986).
- 26 M. Esaka, K. Suzuki, and K. Kubota, J. Food Sci., 52, 1738 (1987).
- 27 P. N. Mahesware, D. W. Stanley, and F. R. Van De Voort, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 57, 194 (1987).
- 28R. Vetrimani, N. Jyothirmayi, P. Haridis Rao, and C. S. Ramadoss, Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol., 25, 532 (1992).
- 29 B. Kaufmann and P. Christen, Phytochem. Anal., 13, 105 (2002).
- 30 M. Ramesh, P. Haridis Rao, and C. S. Ramadoss, Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol., 28, 96 (1995).
- 31 L. E. Garcia-Ayuso, J. Velasco, M. C. Dobarganes, and M. D. Luque-de-Castro, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 2308 (1999).
- 32 J. R. J. Pare, G. Matni, J. M. R. Belanger, K. Li, C. Rule, B. Thibert, V. Yaylayan, Z. Liu, D. Mathe, and P. Jacquault, J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. Int., 80, 928 (1997).
- 33 T. D. Rausch, M.S. thesis, Dept. Food Sci., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2002.
- 34 L. Stoloff, in J. V. Rodicks, C. W. Hesseltine, and M. A. Mehlman, eds., Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health, Pathotox Publishers, Park Forest South,Illinois, 1977, p. 9.
- 35 J. E. Smith and R. S. Henderson, eds., Mycotoxins in Animal Foods, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1991.
- 36 FAO, Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins 1995: A compendium, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 64, Rome, Italy, 1997.
- 37 W. Y. Cobb and B. R. Johnson, in Peanut—Culture and Uses, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Assoc., Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1972, p. 210.
- 38 J. L. Harwood, Inform, 5, 835 (1994).
- 39 C. E. Holaday and J. L. Person, J. Food Sci., 39, 1206 (1974).
- 40 E. M. Ahmed and C. T. Young, in H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young, ed., Peanut Science and Technology, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, Texas, 1982, p. 660.
- 41 P. C. Andersen and D. W. Gorbet, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 1298 (2002).
- 42 B. D. Harch, K. E. Basford, I. H. DeLacy, P. K. Lawrence, and A. Cruickshank, Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 42, 243 (1995).
- 43 R. Jambunathan, R. Sridhar, K. Raghunath, S. L. Dwivedi, and S. N. Nigam, J. Sci. Food Agric., 61, 23 (1993).
- 44
S. L. Dwivedi et al.,
Peanut Sci.,
20,
84
(1984).
10.3146/i0095-3679-20-2-5 Google Scholar
- 45 C. T. Young, M. E. Mason, R. S. Matlock, and G. R. Waller, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 49, 314 (1972).
- 46 R. E. Worthington, R. O. Hammons, and J. R. Allison, J. Agric. Food Chem., 20, 727 (1972).
- 47 C. E. Holaday and J. L. Pearson, J. Food Sci., 39, 1206 (1974).
- 48 D. F. Brown, S. M. Cater, K. F. Mattil, and J. G. Darroch, J. Food Sci., 40, 1055 (1975).
- 49 I. B. Hashim, P. E. Koehler, E. E. Eitenmiller, and C. K. Kvien, Peanut Sci., 20, 21 (1993).
- 50 H. E. Pattee, A. E. Purcell, and E. B. Johns, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 46, 629 (1969).
- 51 H. E. Pattee, E. B. Johns, J. A. Singleton, and T. H. Sanders, Peanut Sci., 1, 57 (1974).
- 52 T. H. Sanders, J. A. Lansden, R. L. Greene, J. S. Drexler, and E. J. Williams, Peanut Sci., 9, 20 (1982).
- 53 T. H. Sanders, A. M. Schubert, and H. E. Pattee, in H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young, eds., Peanut Science and Technology, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, Texas, 1982, p. 624.
- 54 W. A. Court, R. C. Roy, and J. G. Hendel, Can. J. Plant Sci., 64, 521 (1984).
- 55 D. J. Banks, Crop Sci., 16, 499 (1976).
- 56 A. J. Norden, O. D. Smith, and D. W. Gorbet, in H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young, eds., Peanut Science and Technology, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, Texas, 1982, p. 101.
- 57 N. R. Grosso and C. A. Guzman, J. Agric. Food Chem., 43, 102 (1995).
- 58 N. R. Grosso, J. A. Zygadlo, A. L. Lamarque, D. M. Maestri, and C. A. Guzman, J. Sci. Food. Agric., 73, 349 (1997).
- 59 D. T. Grimm, T. H. Sanders, H. E. Pattee, D. E. Williams, and S. Sanchez-Dominguez, Peanut Sci., 23, 111 (1996).
- 60 R. E. Worthington and R. O. Hammons, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 54, 105A (1977).
- 61 A. R. Khan, D. A. Emery, and J. A. Singleton, Crop Sci., 14, 464 (1974).
- 62 J. B. Misra, S. K. Yadav, and S. Chauhan, J. Sci. Food Agric., 61, 231 (1993).
- 63 W. L. Zeile, D. A. Knauft, and C. B. Kelly, Peanut Sci., 20, 9 (1993).
- 64 C. T. Young and G. R. Waller, J. Agric. Food Chem., 20, 1116 (1972).
- 65 T. A. Coffelt, in G. Röbbelen, R. K. Downey, and A. Ashri, eds., Oil Crops of the World: Their Breeding and Utilization, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983, p. 319.
- 66 A. J. Norden, O. D. Smith, and D. W. Gorbet, in H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young, eds., Peanut Science and Technology, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, Texas, 1982, p. 95.
- 67 H. T. Stalker and J. Moss, Adv. Agron., 41, 1 (1987).
- 68 J. C. Wynne and T. A. Coffelt, in H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young, eds., Peanut Science and Technology, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, Texas, 1982, p. 50.
- 69 H. T. Stalker, C. T. Young, and T. M. Jones, Oléagineux, 44, 419 (1989).
- 70R. Jambunathan, A. K. Singh, S. Gurtu, and K. Raghunath, Oléagineux, 48, 415 (1993).
- 71 A. J. Norden, D. W. Gorbet, D. A. Knauft, and C. T. Young, Peanut Sci., 14, 7 (1987).
- 72 K. Treadwell, C. T. Young, and J. C. Wynne, Oléagineux, 38, 381 (1983).
- 73 A. C. Bruner, S. Jung, A. G. Abbott, and G. L. Powell, Crop Sci., 41, 522 (2001).
- 74 S. F. O'Keefe, V. A. Wiley, and D. A. Knauft, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 489 (1993).
- 75 K. M. Moore and D. A. Knauft, J. Hered., 80, 252 (1989).
- 76 D. W. Gorbet and D. Knauft, Crop Sci., 37, 1392 (1997).
- 77 D. W. Gorbet and D. Knauft, Crop Sci., 40, 1190 (2000).
- 78 W. D. Branch, Crop Sci., 40, 1823 (2000).
- 79 H. E. Pattee, T. G. Isleib, D. W. Gorbet, K. M. Moore, Y. Lopez, M. R. Baring, and C. E. Simpson, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 7362 (2002).
- 80 L. C. Mercer, J. C. Wynne, and C. T. Young, Peanut Sci., 17, 17 (1990).
- 81
D. A. Knauft,
K. M. Moore, and
D. W. Gorbet,
Peanut Sci.,
20,
4
(1993).
10.3146/i0095-3679-20-2-2 Google Scholar
- 82
H. E. Pattee and
D. A. Knauft,
Peanut Sci.,
22,
26
(1995).
10.3146/pnut.22.1.0006 Google Scholar
- 83 J. C. Braddock, C. A. Sims, and S. F. O'Keefe, J. Food Sci., 60, 489 (1995).
- 84 J. B. Mugendi, C. A. Sims, D. W. Gorbet, and S. F. O'Keefe, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 21 (1998).
- 85 H. E. Pattee, T. G. Isleib, K. Moore, D. W. Gorbet, and F. G. Giesbrecht, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 7366 (2002).
- 86 G. E. Bolton and T. H. Sanders, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 79, 129 (2002).
- 87 G. M. Sumainah, C. A. Sims, R. P. Bates, and S. F. O'Keefe, J. Food Sci., 65, 901 (2000).
- 88 H. E. Pattee, T. G. Isleib, D. W. Gorbet, and F. G. Giesbrecht, and Z. Cui, in K. Rajasekaran, T. J. Jacks, and J. W. Finley, eds., Crop Biotechnology, ACS Symposium Series 829, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 2002, p. 217.
- 89 A. E. Bayley, Cottonseed and Cottonseed Products, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1948, p. 213.
- 90
S. Fengxia,
Z. Dishun, and
Z. Zhanming,
J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc.,
78,
749
(2001).
10.1007/s11746-001-0337-5 Google Scholar
- 91 Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 4th ed., AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, 1993.
- 92 A. A. Belbin, Inform (AOCS), 4, 648 (1993).
- 93 P. J. Wan, T. W. Hurley, J. D. Guy, and D. L. Berner, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 731 (1997).
- 94 H. E. Pattee and A. E. Purcell, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 44, 328 (1967).
- 95 K. T. Holley and C. T. Young, Proc. Peanut Improvement Working Group, 1963, p. 52.
- 96 D. A. Emery and C. L. Gupton, Oléagineux, 23, 99 (1968).
- 97 T. H. Sanders, A. M. Schubert, and H. E. Pattee in H. E. Pattee and C. T. Young, ed., Peanut Science and Technology, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Yoakum, Texas, 1982, p. 626.
- 98
T. H. Sanders,
E. J. Williams,
A. M. Schubert, and
H. E. Pattee,
Peanut Sci.,
7,
78
(1980).
10.3146/i0095-3679-7-2-5 Google Scholar
- 99 APRES, in E. M. Ahmed, ed., Quality Methods, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1985.
- 100 K. Warner, in D. B. Minn and T. H. Smouse, ed., Flavor Chemistry of Fats and Oils, AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, 1985, p. 279.
- 101
G. V. Civille and
C. A. Dus, in
A. J. St. Angelo, ed.,
Lipid Oxidation in Food,
American Chemical Society,
Washington, D.C.,
1992, p.
279.
10.1021/bk-1992-0500.ch015 Google Scholar
- 102 T. H. Sanders, H. E. Pattee, J. R. Vercellotti, and K. L. Bett, in H. E. Pattee and H. T. Stalker, eds., Advances in Peanut Science, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1995, p. 528.
- 103 Codes Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius. Vol. 8 - Fats, Oils and Related Products. 2nd ed. Codex Stan 210–1999, Rome, Italy, Revised 2001.
- 104 J. W. Goodrum and S. E. Law, Trans. ASAE, 25, 897 (1982).
- 105 M. B. Jacobs, The Chemical Analysis of Foods and Food Products, 3rd ed., Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., Huntington, New York, 1973.
- 106 C. E. McMichael and A. E. Bailey, in M. J. Jacobs, ed., The Chemistry and Technology of Food and Food Products, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1951, p. 1134.
- 107 M. W. Formo, in D. Swern, ed., Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Vol. 1, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 1979, p. 172.
- 108 A. G. Woodman, Food Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1931.
- 109 AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC, Arlington, Virginia, 1960.
- 110 G. A. Jacobsen, Inform (AOCS), 4, 811 (1993).
- 111
J. A. Singleton and
H. E. Pattee, in
G. Charalambous, ed.,
Analysis of Foods and Beverages-Headspace Techniques,
Academic Press,
New York,
1978, p.
359.
10.1016/B978-0-12-169050-2.50020-X Google Scholar
- 112 A. J. St. Angelo, J. C. Kuck, and R. L. Ory, J. Agric. Food Chem., 27, 229 (1979).
- 113 A. J. St. Angelo and R. L. Ory, Phytopathology, 73, 315 (1982).
- 114 J. A. Singleton and H. E. Pattee, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 57, 405 (1980).
- 115 S. Narasimhan, K. G. Raghuveer, C. Arumughan, K. K. Bhat, and D. P. Sen, Food Sci. Technol., 23, 273 (1986).
- 116 N. O. V. Sonntag, in D. Swern, Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Vol. 2, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 1979, p. 407.
- 117 F. A. Norris, in D. Swern, ed., Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Vol. 1, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 1979, p. 470.
- 118 W. Heimann, Hanbuch der Lebensmittelchemis, Band IV: Fette und Lipide (Lipids), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969.
- 119 T. Itoh, T. Tamura, and T. Matsumoto, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 50, 122 (1974).
- 120 T. Itoh, T. Tamura, and T. Matsumoto, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 50, 300 (1974).
- 121
L. W. Aurand,
A. E. Woods, and
M. R. Wells,
Food Composition and Analysis,
Van Nostrand Reihold,
New York,
1987.
10.1007/978-94-015-7398-6 Google Scholar
- 122 F. Osman, A. E. Ashour, and A. M. Gad, Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmit., 71, 264 (1969).
- 123 H. E. Cox and D. Pearson, The Chemical Analysis of Foods, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1962.
- 124 Nasirullah and K. V. Nagaraja, Oléagineux, 42, 35 (1987).
- 125
J. B. Misra,
R. S. Mathur, and
D. M. Bhatt,
J. Sci. Food Agric.,
80,
237
(2000).
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000115)80:2<237::AID-JSFA523>3.0.CO;2-9 CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 126 F. R. van de Voort, J. Sedman, and A. A. Ismail, Food Chem., 48, 213 (1993).
- 127
M. D. Gullen and
N. Cabo,
J. Sci. Food Agric.,
80,
2028
(2000).
10.1002/1097-0010(200011)80:14<2028::AID-JSFA713>3.0.CO;2-4 Google Scholar
- 128V. Baeten, P. Hourant, M. T. Morales, and R. Aparicio, J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 2638 (1998).
- 129H. Gloria and J. M. Aguilera, J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 1363 (1998).
- 130 T. H. Sanders, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 57, 8 (1980).
- 131 J. D. Guthie, C. L. Hoffpuir, M. F. Stansbury, and W. A. Reeves, USDA Agricultural Circular, 61, USDA, Washington, D.C., March 1949.
- 132 T. H. Sanders and H. E. Pattee, Lipids, 10, 50 (1975).
- 133 J. I. Davidson, T. B. Whitaker, and J. W. Dickens, in H. E. Pattee and H. T. Stalker, eds., Advances in Peanut Science, Am. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1995, p. 574.
- 134 S. P. Fore, N. J. Morris, C. H. Mack, A. H. Freeman, and W. G. Bickford, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 30, 298 (1953).
- 135 I. B. Hashim, P. R. Koehler, R. R. Eitenmiller, and C. K. Kvien, Peanut Sci., 20, 21 (1993).
- 136 S. L. Dwivedi, S. N. Nigam, R. Jambunathan, K. L. Sahrawat, G. V. S. Nagabhushanam, and K. Raghunath, Peanut Sci., 20, 84 (1993).
- 137 C. P. Malik, P. Singh, and U. Parmar, Phytochemistry, 28, 2651 (1986).
- 138 I. B. Hashim, P. R. Koehler, and C. K. Kvien, Peanut Sci., 20, 106 (1993).
- 139P. Singh, U. Parmar, C. P. Malik, M. K. Grewal, and D. S. Bhatia, Peanut Sci., 18, 3 (1991).
- 140 E. W. Hauser, G. A. Buchanan, W. J. Ethredge, M. D. Jellum, and S. R. Cecil, Peanut Sci., 3, 56 (1976).
- 141 R. E. Worthington, R. O. Hammons, and J. R. Allison, J. Agric. Food Chem., 20, 727 (1972).
- 142 P. C. Andersen, K. Hill, D. W. Gorbet, and B. V. Brodbeck, J. Food Comp. Anal., 11, 100 (1998).
- 143 C. T. Young, in Y. H. Hui, ed., Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Vol. 2, 5th ed., Wiley, New York, 1996, p. 377.
- 144 G. A. Gresham and A. N. Howard, Br. J. Exp. Pathol., 41, 395 (1960).
- 145 R. F. Scott, E. W. Morrison, R. J. Thomas, and S. C. Nam, Exp. Mol. Pathol., 3, 421 (1964).
- 146 H. Imai, K. T. Lee, S. Pastori, E. Ponlilio, R. Florantin, and W. A. Thomas, Exp. Mol. Pathol., 5, 273 (1966).
- 147 D. Kritchevsky, S. A. Tepper, H. K. Kim, J. A. Story, D. Vesselinovitch, and R. W. Wissler, Exp. Mol. Pathol., 24, 375 (1966).
- 148 D. Kritchevsky, S. A. Tepper, D. Vesselinovitch, and R. W. Wissler, Atheroclerosis, 17, 225 (1973).
- 149 J. J. Myher, L. Marai, A. Kuksis, and D. Kritchevsky, Lipids, 12, 775 (1977).
- 150 F. Manganaro, J. J. Myher, A. Kuksis, and D. Kritchevsky, Lipids, 16, 508 (1981).
- 151 D. Kritchevsky, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 23, 1105 (1970).
- 152 L. Cordain, Lipids, 33, 229 (1998).
- 153 S. Satchithanandam, T. J. Flynn, R. J. Calvert, and D. Kritchevsky, Lipids, 34, 1305 (1999).
- 154 P. M. Kris-Etherton, G. Zhao, A. E. Binkoske, S. M. Coval, and T. D. Etherton, Nutr. Rev., 59, 103 (2001).
- 155 R. L. Hargrove, T. D. Etherton, T. A. Pearson, E. H. Harrison, and P. M. Kris-Etherton, J. Nutr., 131, 1758 (2001).
- 156 G. Sempore and J. Bezard, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 59, 124 (1982).
- 157 J. A. Singleton and H. E. Pattee, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 64, 534 (1987).
- 158 J. C. Hokes and R. E. Worthington, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 56, 953 (1979).
- 159 T. H. Sanders, Lipids, 14, 630 (1979).
- 160 T. H. Sanders, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 59, 346 (1982).
- 161 T. H. Sanders, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 57, 8 (1980).
- 162 J. A. Singleton and L. F. Stikeleather, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 72, 485 (1995).
- 163 S. P. Fore, N. J. Norris, C. H. Mack, A. F. Freeman, and W. G. Bickford, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 30, 298 (1953).
- 164 D. H. Hildebrand, J. Terao, and M. Kito, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 552 (1984).
- 165 T. Ohshima, Y. Fujita, and C. Koizumi, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 269 (1993).
- 166 J. A. Robertson, W. H. Morrison, and D. Burdick, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 50, 443 (1973).
- 167 T. H. Sanders, J. R. Vercellotti, K. L. Crippen, R. T. Hinsch, G. K. Rasmussen, and J. H. Edwards, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 69, 1032 (1992).
- 168 R. M. Parkhurst, W. A. Skinner, and P. A. Sturm, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 45, 641 (1968).
- 169
A. G. Gopala Krishna and
J. V. Prabhakar,
J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc.,
71,
1245
(1994).
10.1007/BF02540545 Google Scholar
- 170 E. M. Prior, V. S. Vadke, and F. W. Sosulski, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 68, 401 (1991).
- 171 K. I. Holownia, M. C. Erickson, M. S. Chinnan, and R. R. Eitnmiller, Food Res. Int., 34, 77 (2001).
- 172 A. Seher, Fett. Wissenschaft Technolgie, 89(1), 27 (1987).
- 173 E. M. Gaydoa, J. P. Bianchini, and J. V. Ratovohery, J. Agric. Food Chem., 31, 833 (1993).
- 174 L. L. Oehrl, A. P. Hansen, C. A. Rohrer, G. P. Fenner, and L. C. Boyd, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, 1073 (2001).
- 175 A. B. Awad, K. C. Chan, A. C. Downie, and C. S. Funk, Nutr. Cancer, 36, 238 (2000).
- 176 D. K. Salunke and B. B. Desai, Postharvest Technology of Oilseeds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1986, p. 35.
- 177 J. C. Cowen, H. Moser, G. R. List, and C. D. Evans, J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 48, 835 (1971).
- 178 L. Branscome and C. T. Young, Peanut Oil, Georgia Agricultural Commodity Commission for Peanuts, Tifton, Georgia, 1972.
- 179 R. G. Krishnamurthy, in D. Swern, ed., Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Vol. 1, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 1982, p. 315.
- 180 J. W. Goodrum, Trans. ASAE, 27, 1257 (1985).
- 181
M. A. Mazed,
J. D. Summers, and
D. G. Batchelder,
Trans. ASAE,
27,
1371
(1985).
10.13031/2013.32442 Google Scholar
- 182
M. A. Mazed,
J. D. Summers, and
D. G. Batchelder,
Trans. ASAE,
27,
1375
(1985).
10.13031/2013.32443 Google Scholar
- 183 J. W. Goodrum, V. C. Patel, and R. W. McClendon, Trans. ASAE, 39, 817 (1996).
- 184 M. F. Ivbijaro, C. Ligan, and A. Youdeowei, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 14, 237 (1985).
- 185 M. F. Ivbijaro, Proc. Ecol., 6, 267 (1984).
- 186 E. Tembo and R. F. A. Murfitt, J. Stored Prod. Res., 31, 77 (1995).
- 187 S. R. Singh, R. A. Luse, K. Leuschner, and D. Nangju, J. Stored Prod. Res., 14, 77 (1978).
- 188 K. N. Don-Pedro, Pestic. Sci., 26, 107 (1989).
- 189 K. N. Don-Pedro, Pestic. Sci., 30, 295 (1990).
- 190 S. D. Cockfield, Trop. Pest Manage., 38, 268 (1992).
- 191 G. Pierrard, Trop. Pest Manage., 32, 197 (1986).
- 192 Anonymous, League Int. Food Educ. Newsl., May, 3-4 (1979).
- 193 S. K. Singal, Z. Singh, Trop. Pest Manage., 36, 314 (1990).
- 194 C. Cardet, T. Kandji, A. Delobel, and P. Danthu, Agrofor. Syst., 40, 29 (1998).
- 195
D. Obeng-Ofori,
Entomol. Exp. Appl.,
77,
133
(1995).
10.1007/BF02383026 Google Scholar
- 196 K. J. Scott, C. M. C. Yuen, and G. H. Kim, Postharvest Biol. Technol., 6, 219 (1995).
- 197 N. W. Calderone and H. Shimanuki, J. Econ. Entomol., 88, 805 (1995).
- 198 D. Kritchevsky, S. A. Tepper, and D. M. Klurfeld, Lipids, 33, 821 (1998).
- 199 G. E. Fraser, J. Sabate, W. L. Beeson, and T. M. Strahan, Arch. Inter. Med., 152, 1416 (1992).
- 200 J. Sabate and G. E. Fraser, Prim. Cardiol., 19, 65 (1993).
- 201 F. B Hu, M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, E. B. Rimm, G. A. Colditz, B. A. Rosner, F. E. Speizer, C. H. Hennekens, and W. C. Willett, Brit. Med. J., 317, 1341 (1998).
- 202 D. J. O'Byrne, D. A. Knauft, and R. B. Shireman, Lipids, 32, 687 (1997).
- 203 P. M. Kris-Etherton, T. A. Pearson, Y. Wan, R. Hargrove, K. Moriarty, V. Fishnell, and T. D. Etherton, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 70, 1009 (1999).
- 204 P. M. Kris-Etherton, G. Zhoa, A. E. Binkoski, S. M Coval, and T. D. Etherton, Nutr. Rev., 59, 103 (2001).
- 205 S. V. Kirkmeyer and R. D. Mattes, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 24, 1167 (2000).
- 206 W. Burks, H. A. Sampson, and G. A. Bannon, Allergy, 53, 725 (1998).
- 207 C. Loza and J. Brostoff, Clini. Exper. Allergy, 25, 493 (1995).
- 208 S. M. Tariq, M. Stevens, S. Matthews, S. Ridout, R. Twiselton, and D. W. Hide, Brit. Med. J., 313, 514 (1996).
- 209 J. O. Hourihane, S. A. Kilburn, J. A. Nordlee, S. L. Taylor, and J. O. Warner, Brit. Med. J., 314, 1084 (1997).
- 210 R. W. R. Crevel, M. A. T. Kerkhoff, and M. M. G. Koning, Food Chem. Toxicol., 38, 385 (2000).
- 211 A. Olszewski, L. Pons, F. Moutété, I Aimone-Gastin, G. Kanny, D. A. Moneret-Vautrin, and J. L. Guéant, Clini. Exper. Allergy, 28, 850 (1998).
- 212 D. A. Moneret-Vautrin, F. Rance, G. Kanny, A Olszewski, J. L. Guéant, G. Dutau, and L. Guérin, Clini. Exper. Allergy, 28, 1113 (1998).
- 213 S-Y. Chung, S. Maleki, E. T. Champagne, K. L Buhr, and D. W. Gorbet, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 878 (2002).
