Value of Advanced Cardiac CTA in Clinical Assessment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Literature Review and Practical Implications
Corresponding Author
Rabih Touma
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, John D. Dingell VA, Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Correspondence: Rabih Touma ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorAnisha R. Pareddy
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, John D. Dingell VA, Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAiden Abidov
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, John D. Dingell VA, Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Rabih Touma
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, John D. Dingell VA, Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Correspondence: Rabih Touma ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorAnisha R. Pareddy
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, John D. Dingell VA, Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAiden Abidov
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, John D. Dingell VA, Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFunding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
ABSTRACT
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited cardiac anomaly with a potentially unfavorable clinical outcome. The essential role of multimodality imaging in HCM is well recognized by major professional cardiac imaging societies and has been incorporated into the HCM clinical practice guidelines. Appropriate utilization of cardiac imaging tools is cardinal for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management for HCM patients to mitigate their lifelong risk of adverse events. Echocardiography is the imaging modality of choice for clinical diagnosis of HCM. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and coronary computed tomography angiogram (CCTA) offer complementary practical information for an inclusive evaluation in such patients. CCTA provides a thorough analysis of the cardiac anatomy and function that is paramount in HCM clinical decision-making. This review summarizes the utility of CCTA in the clinical assessment of patients with HCM. It outlines the multi-role of CCTA in HCM, including the quantification of cardiac parameters, myocardial tissue characterization, left ventricular (LV) functional analysis, the definition of cardiac and coronary arteries (CA) anatomy, and the provision of a roadmap for septal reduction therapies (SRT), mitral valve (MV) intervention, and atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.
References
- 1B. J. Maron, M. Y. Desai, R. A. Nishimura, et al., “Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 79, no. 4 (2022): 372–389.
- 2S. R. Ommen, C. Y. Ho, I. M. Asif, et al., “2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines,” Circulation 149, no. 23 (2024): e1239–e1311.
- 3A. C. Liew, V. S. Vassiliou, R. Cooper, and C. E. Raphael, “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy—Past, Present and Future,” Journal of Clinical Medicine 6, no. 12 (2017): 118.
- 4E. C. Brockenbrough, E. Braunwald, and A. G. Morrow, “A Hemodynamic Technic for the Detection of Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis,” Circulation 23, no. 2 (1961): 189–194, http://ahajournals.org.
10.1161/01.CIR.23.2.189 Google Scholar
- 5S. F. Nagueh, D. Phelan, T. Abraham, et al., “Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: An Update From the American Society of Echocardiography, in Collaboration With the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography,” Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 35, no. 6 (2022): 533–569.
- 6M. Alkema, E. Spitzer, O. I. I. Soliman, and C. Loewe, “Multimodality Imaging for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Severity Grading: A Methodological Review,” Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound 24, no. 4 (2016): 257–267.
- 7F. Y. Van Driest, R. J. Van der Geest, S. K. Omara, et al., “Comparison of Left Ventricular Mass and Wall Thickness Between Cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Machine Learning Algorithms,” European Heart Journal—Imaging Methods and Practice 2, no. 3 (2024): qyae069.
- 8L. Zhao, X. Ma, G. M. Feuchtner, C. Zhang, and Z. Fan, “Quantification of Myocardial Delayed Enhancement and Wall Thickness in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Multidetector Computed Tomography Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” European Journal of Radiology 83, no. 10 (2014): 1778–1785.
- 9R. Klein, E. S. Ametepe, Y. Yam, G. Dwivedi, and B. J. Chow, “Cardiac CT Assessment of Left Ventricular Mass in Mid-Diastasis and Its Prognostic Value,” European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging 18, no. 1 (2017): 95–102.
- 10M. J. Budoff, N. Ahmadi, G. Sarraf, et al., “Determination of Left Ventricular Mass on Cardiac Computed Tomographic angiography1,” Academic Radiology 16, no. 6 (2009): 726–732.
- 11B. Kara, A. Nayman, I. Guler, E. E. Gul, M. Koplay, and Y. Paksoy, “Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Function and Myocardial Mass: A Comparison of Coronary CT Angiography With Cardiac MRI and Echocardiography,” Polish Journal of Radiology 81 (2016): 95.
- 12D. Juneau, F. Erthal, O. Clarkin, et al., “Mid-Diastolic Left Ventricular Volume and Mass: Normal Values for Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography,” Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 11, no. 2 (2017): 135–140.
- 13H. G. Klues, A. Schiffers, B. J. Maron, and M. Minneapolis, “Phenotypic Spectrum and Patterns of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Morphologic Observations and Significance As Assessed by Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in 600 Patients,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 26 (1699): 1699–1708.
10.1016/0735-1097(95)00390-8 Google Scholar
- 14C. Langer, M. Lutz, M. Eden, et al., “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cardiac CT: A Validation Study on the Detection of Intramyocardial Fibrosis in Consecutive Patients,” International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 30, no. 3 (2014): 659–667.
- 15L. Zhao, X. Ma, M. C. DeLano, et al., “Assessment of Myocardial Fibrosis and Coronary Arteries in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Using Combined Arterial and Delayed Enhanced CT: Comparison With MR and Coronary Angiography,” European Radiology 23 (2013): 1034–1043.
- 16S. Oda, T. Emoto, T. Nakaura, et al., “Myocardial Late Iodine Enhancement and Extracellular Volume Quantification With Dual-Layer Spectral Detector Dual-Energy Cardiac CT,” Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 1, no. 1 (2019): e180003.
- 17A. Clemente, S. Seitun, C. Mantini, et al., “Cardiac CT Angiography: Normal and Pathological Anatomical Features—A Narrative Review,” Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy 10, no. 6 (2020): 1918–1945.
- 18M. Shariat, P. Thavendiranathan, E. Nguyen, et al., “Utility of Coronary CT Angiography in Outpatients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Presenting With Angina Symptoms,” Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 8, no. 6 (2014): 429–437.
- 19G. Cundari, N. Galea, V. Mergen, H. Alkadhi, and M. Eberhard, “Myocardial Extracellular Volume Quantification wit20h Computed Tomography—Current Status and Future Outlook,” Insights Into Imaging 14, no. 1 (2023): 156.
- 20Y. J. Shin, J. H. Lee, J. Y. Yoo, et al., “Clinical Significance of Evaluating Coronary Atherosclerosis in Adult Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Who Have Chest Pain,” European Radiology 29, no. 9 (2019): 4593–4602.
- 21L. Zhao, X. Ma, H. Ge, et al., “Diagnostic Performance of Computed Tomography for Detection of Concomitant Coronary Disease in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” European Radiology 25, no. 3 (2015): 767–775.
- 22M. Gulati, P. D. Levy, D. Mukherjee, et al., “2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 78, no. 22 (2021): e187–e285.
- 23R. Touma, K. T. Singh, J. F. Mastromatteo, and A. Abidov, “Value of Advanced CCTA Post-Processing in Identifying Differences in the LAD Myocardial Bridging Anatomy,” Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 18, no. 5 (2024): 510–511.
- 24N. Van der Velde, R. Huurman, Y. Yamasaki, et al., “Frequency and Significance of Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Bridging in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” American Journal of Cardiology 125, no. 9 (2020): 1404–1412.
- 25C. Bruce, N. Ubhi, P. McKeegan, and K. Sanders, “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular Consequences of Myocardial Bridging in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” American Journal of Cardiology 188 (2023): 110–119.
- 26A. Güner, S. Atmaca, İ. Balaban, et al., “Relationship Between Myocardial Bridging and Fatal Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The HCM-MB Study,” Herz 48, no. 5 (2023): 399–407.
- 27C. Rovera, C. Moretti, F. Bisanti, G. de Zan, and M. Guglielmo, “Myocardial Bridging: Review on the Role of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography,” Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 18 (2023): 5949.
- 28A. H. Rostomian, M. C. Tang, and K. Shamsa, “Defying the Odds of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” JACC: Case Reports 2, no. 6 (2020): 930–934.
- 29S. G. Kanagala, V. Gupta, G. V. Dunn, et al., “Narrative Review of Anomalous Origin of Coronary Arteries: Pathophysiology, Management, and Treatment,” Current Cardiology Reviews 19, no. 6 (2023): 50–55.
- 30P. Tyczyński, I. Michałowska, M. Dąbrowski, J. Kuriata, M. Marczak, and A. Witkowski, “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery: A Rare Coexistence,” Kardiologia Polska 78, no. 11 (2020): 1189–1190.
- 31G. K. Efthimiadis, E. K. Theofilogiannakos, T. D. Gossios, S. Paraskevaidis, V. P. Vassilikos, and I. H. Styliadis, “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Associated With an Anomalous Origin of Right Coronary Artery: Case Report and Review of the Literature,” Herz 38, no. 4 (2013): 427–430.
- 32P. Georgiadou, E. Sbarouni, and D. T. Kremastinos, “Midventricular Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Coexistent With Anomalous Origin of Circumflex Artery,” International Journal of Cardiology 110, no. 1 (2006): 102–103.
- 33C. Gräni, P. A. Kaufmann, S. Windecker, and R. R. Buechel, “Diagnosis and Management of Anomalous Coronary Arteries With a Malignant Course,” Interventional Cardiology: Reviews, Research, Resources 14, no. 2 (2019): 83–88.
10.15420/icr.2019.1.1 Google Scholar
- 34N. Fujino, T. Konno, M. Yamagishi, and K. Hayashi, “Left Ventricular Apical Aneurysm and Systolic Dysfunction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” Journal of Cardiology 64, no. 4 (2014): 253–255.
- 35K. Yang, Y. Y. Song, X. Y. Chen, et al., “Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Left Ventricular Apical Aneurysm: Prevalence, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Characteristics, and Prognosis,” European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging 21, no. 12 (2021): 1341–1350.
10.1093/ehjci/jeaa246 Google Scholar
- 36M. S. Maron, E. J. Rowin, and B. J. Maron, “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Left Ventricular Apical Aneurysm: The Newest High-Risk Phenotype,” European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging 21, no. 12 (2021): 1351–1352.
10.1093/ehjci/jeaa277 Google Scholar
- 37P. Makkuni, M. N. Kotler, and V. M. Figueredo, “Texas Heart Institute Journal Diverticular and Aneurys Mal Structures of the Left Ventricle in Adults Report of a Case Within the Context of a Literature Review Case Report Case Reports,” Texas Heart Institute Journal 37, no. 6 (2010): 699–705.
- 38E. J. Rowin, B. J. Maron, T. S. Haas, et al., “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Left Ventricular Apical Aneurysm Implications for Risk Stratification and Management,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 69, no. 7 (2017): 761–773.
- 39M. Singh, H. Aldiwani, and A. Abidov, “Utilization of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiogram in Evaluation of Left Ventricular Thrombus,” Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 14 (2020): e82–e84.
- 40F. Noohi, H. Pouraliakbar, A. Alizadehasl, K. Rezaei-Kalantari, and S. M. Shariful Islam, “ Cardiac Thrombi and Imaging Modalities (Diagnosis, Approach, and Follow-Up),” in Multimodal Imaging Atlas of Cardiac Masses, eds. A. Alizadehasl and M. Maleki (Elsevier, 2022), 55–83.
- 41B. C. Ramsey, E. Fentanes, A. D. Choi, K. R. Branch, and D. M. Thomas, “Myocardial Assessment With Cardiac CT: Ischemic Heart Disease and Beyond,” Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 11, no. 7 (2018): 16.
- 42A. M. Crean, G. R. Small, Z. Saleem, G. Maharajh, M. Ruel, and B. J. W. Chow, “Application of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography to the Assessment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” American Journal of Cardiology 205 (2023): 481–492.
- 43M. Yamamuro, E. Tadamura, S. Kubo, et al., “Cardiac Functional Analysis With Multi-Detector Row CT and Segmental Reconstruction Algorithm: Comparison With Echocardiography, SPECT, and MR Imaging,” Radiology 234, no. 2 (2005): 381–390.
- 44J. W. Lee, K. J. Nam, J. Y. Kim, et al., “Simultaneous Assessment of Left Ventricular Function and Coronary Artery Anatomy by Third-Generation Dual-Source Computed Tomography Using a Low Radiation Dose,” Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 28, no. 1 (2020): 21–32.
- 45R. Nakazato, B. K. Tamarappoo, T. W. Smith, et al., “Assessment of Left Ventricular Regional Wall Motion and Ejection Fraction With Low-Radiation Dose Helical Dual-Source CT: Comparison to Two-Dimensional Echocardiography,” Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 5, no. 3 (2011): 149–157.
- 46S. J. Lim, K. S. Choo, Y. H. Park, et al., “Assessment of Left Ventricular Function and Volume in Patients Undergoing 128-Slice Coronary CT Angiography With ECG-Based Maximum Tube Current Modulation: A Comparison With Echocardiography,” Korean Journal of Radiology 12, no. 2 (2011): 156–162.
- 47T. Schlosser, K. Pagonidis, C. U. Herborn, et al., “Assessment of Left Ventricular Parameters Using 16-MDCT and New Software for Endocardial and Epicardial Border Delineation,” AJR, American Journal of Roentgenology 184, no. 3 (2005): 765–773.
- 48T. Sawada, Y. Takahashi, T. Takaya, et al., “TCTAP C-179 Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography Improved the Strategy of Percutaneous Transluminal Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Mid-Ventricular and Outflow Obstruction,” JACC 69, supplement, no. S16 (2017): S266–S267.
10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.411 Google Scholar
- 49H. Takayama, S. N. Yu, R. Sorabella, et al., “Virtual Septal Myectomy for Preoperative Planning in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 158, no. 2 (2019): 455–463.
- 50P. Ma, Y. Shang, Y. Hu, J. Liu, X. Zhou, and J. Wang, “Linear Late Gadolinium Enhancement in the Basal Anterior Septum and Lateral Wall May Represent the Contrast Enhancement of Vessels: A CMR and CCTA Comparison Study,” Journal of Cardiology 79, no. 5 (2022): 581–587.
- 51T. Y. Hsia, “Commentary: Screw Your (virtual) Courage to the Sticking-Place and Cut,” Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 158, no. 2 (2019): 464–465.
- 52E. Conte, S. Mushtaq, G. Muscogiuri, et al., “The Potential Role of Cardiac CT in the Evaluation of Patients With Known or Suspected Cardiomyopathy: From Traditional Indications to Novel Clinical Applications,” Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 8 (2021): 709124.
- 53E. J. Rowin, A. Hausvater, M. S. Link, et al., “Clinical Profile and Consequences of Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” Circulation 136, no. 25 (2017): 2420–2436.
- 54I. Marai, A. Elias, G. Rozen, et al., “The Impact of Peri-Procedural Imaging on Safety and Efficacy of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Insights From the Israeli AF Catheter Ablation Registry (ICAR),” Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology ahead of print, August 3, 2024.
- 55J. S. Shinbane, L. A. Saxon, and R. N. Doshi, “ CCTA Cardiac Electrophysiology Applications: Substrate Identification, Virtual Procedural Planning, and Procedural Facilitation,” in Cardiac CT Imaging: Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease, eds. M. J. Budoff and J. S. Shinbane (Springer, 2016), 455–486.
10.1007/978-3-319-28219-0_24 Google Scholar
- 56W. Mosleh, A. Sheikh, Z. Said, et al., “The Use of Cardiac-CT Alone to Exclude Left Atrial Thrombus Before Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Efficiency, Safety, and Cost Analysis,” PACE—Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 41, no. 7 (2018): 727–733.
- 57P. Wengrofsky, Y. Akivis, and I. Bukharovich, “Cardiac Multimodality Imaging in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: What to Look for and When to Image,” Current Cardiology Reviews 19, no. 5 (2023): 1–18.
- 58J. Chen, Z. G. Yang, H. Y. Xu, K. Shi, Q. H. Long, and Y. K. Guo, “Assessments of Pulmonary Vein and Left Atrial Anatomical Variants in Atrial Fibrillation Patients for Catheter Ablation With Cardiac CT,” European Radiology 27, no. 2 (2017): 660–670.
- 59A. M. Crean, “Scanning the Imaging Horizon for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” Canadian Journal of Cardiology 40, no. 5 (2024): 899–906.
- 60T. D'Angelo, S. Martin, A. Micari, et al., “Coronary Angiography Using Spectral Detector Dual-Energy CT: Is It the Time to Assess Myocardial First-Pass Perfusion?” European Radiology Experimental 6, no. 1 (2022): 60.
- 61V. Mergen, N. Ehrbar, L. J. Moser, et al., “Synthetic Hematocrit From Virtual Non-Contrast Images for Myocardial Extracellular Volume Evaluation With Photon-Counting Detector CT,” European Radiology 34, no. 12 (2024): 7845–7855.
- 62A. Sharma, F. Erthal, D. Juneau, et al., “Identifying Left Ventricular Dysfunction Using Prospective Electrocardiogram-Triggered Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography,” Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 18, no. 2 (2024): 187–194.
- 63T. D'Angelo, L. R. M. Lanzafame, A. Micari, et al., “Improved Coronary Artery Visualization Using Virtual Monoenergetic Imaging From Dual-Layer Spectral Detector CT Angiography,” Diagnostics 13, no. 16 (2023): 2675, https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13162675.
- 64E. Zsarnoczay, N. Fink, U. J. Schoepf, et al., “Ultra-high Resolution Photon-Counting Coronary CT Angiography Improves Coronary Stenosis Quantification Over a Wide Range of Heart Rates – A Dynamic Phantom Study,” European Journal of Radiology 161 (2023): 110746.
- 65L. R. M. Lanzafame, G. M. Bucolo, G. Muscogiuri, et al., “Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular CT and MR Imaging,” Life 13, no. 2 (2023): 507.
- 66S. L. Sellers, T. A. Fonte, R. Grover, et al., “Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM): New Insights Into Coronary Artery Remodelling and Ischemia From FFRCT,” Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 12, no. 6 (2018): 467–471.
- 67A. Tower-Rader, D. Mohananey, A. To, H. M. Lever, Z. B. Popovic, and M. Y. Desai, “Prognostic Value of Global Longitudinal Strain in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review of Existing Literature,” JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 12, no. 10 (2019): 1930–1942.
- 68F. Negri, D. Muser, M. Driussi, et al., “Prognostic Role of Global Longitudinal Strain by Feature Tracking in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The STRAIN-HCM Study,” International Journal of Cardiology 345 (2021): 61–67.
- 69Y. Yang, D. Wu, H. Wang, and Y. Wang, “Prognostic Value of Global Longitudinal Strain in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Clinical Cardiology 45, no. 12 (2022): 1184–1191.
- 70T. Hosokawa, H. Kawakami, Y. Tanabe, et al., “Left Atrial Strain Assessment Using Cardiac Computed Tomography in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,” Japanese Journal of Radiology 41, no. 8 (2023): 843–853.
- 71T. O'Neill, P. Kang, A. Hagendorff, and B. Tayal, “The Clinical Applications of Left Atrial Strain: A Comprehensive Review,” Medicina 60, no. 5 (2024): 693.
- 72T. D'Angelo, S. Martin, A. Micari, et al., “Coronary Angiography Using Spectral Detector Dual-energy CT: Is It the Time to Assess Myocardial First-Pass Perfusion?” European Radiology Experimental 6, no. 1 (2022): 60, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41747-022-00313-w.