Volume 67, Issue 6 pp. 700-709
EXPERT-CONSENSUS REPORT

Proposed updated description of cerebral palsy

Bernard Dan

Corresponding Author

Bernard Dan

Mac Keith Press, London, UK

Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculty of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Speech and Language Therapy, Brussels, Belgium

Inkendaal Rehabilitation Hospital, Vlezenbeek, Belgium

Correspondence

Bernard Dan, Mac Keith Press, 139–143 Bermondsey Street, London, SE1 3UW, UK.

Email: [email protected]

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Peter Rosenbaum

Peter Rosenbaum

Mac Keith Press, London, UK

Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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Lucinda Carr

Lucinda Carr

Mac Keith Press, London, UK

Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Martin Gough

Martin Gough

Mac Keith Press, London, UK

Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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John Coughlan

John Coughlan

International Cerebral Palsy Society

Parent of an adult with cerebral palsy.

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Nonyelum Nweke

Nonyelum Nweke

International Cerebral Palsy Society

Cerebral Palsy Center, Lagos, Nigeria

Parent of an adult with cerebral palsy.

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First published: 11 April 2025
Citations: 20

[Correction added on 25 April 2025 after first online publication: The sentence, "The proposed updated… understanding of CP", has been removed from the abstract.]

Abstract

‘Cerebral palsy’ (‘CP’) is a widely used descriptive label for a spectrum of motor impairments caused by non-progressive brain injury or malformation occurring during early development. Advances in research have significantly refined our understanding of CP, including insights into its genetic, inflammatory, and neurophysiological underpinnings. Research across global contexts, including low- and middle-income countries, has expanded knowledge of clinical features. Shifting societal perceptions, driven by individuals with lived experience, have further influenced how CP is understood, challenging ableist attitudes and promoting inclusive frameworks. Additionally, increased recognition of the needs and experiences of adults with CP has highlighted the importance of further developing appropriate services. The primary aim of this paper is to propose an updated description of CP, developed through a collaborative, multidisciplinary process, as a preliminary formulation that integrates stakeholder perspectives at this stage of the process. By framing it as a foundation for further discussion and refinement, the manuscript emphasizes the output itself rather than the process of its development. A comprehensive stakeholder analysis and mapping approach ensured broad representation, including individuals with CP, families, clinicians, researchers, advocacy groups, and others. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, focus groups, and workshops, facilitating a global dialogue that combined the expertise of those with lived experience with that of clinicians. The description is intended to serve as a preliminary framework to guide clinical practice, research, and policy, emphasizing a shared understanding of CP. The proposed updated description thus lays the foundation for continued refinement, emphasizing the importance of collaboration in advancing the care and inclusion of individuals with CP.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Not required.

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