ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Reference intervals for serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol of a population with normal glucose tolerance in Jiangsu Province

1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇在中国江苏省糖耐量正常人群中参考值范围的研究

Cheng Chen

orcid.org/0000-0002-8583-5431

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Xiaohang Wang,

Xiaohang Wang

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yuanyuan Tan,

Yuanyuan Tan

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Jiao Yang,

Jiao Yang

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yuexing Yuan,

Yuexing Yuan

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Juan Chen,

Juan Chen

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Haijian Guo,

Haijian Guo

Department of Integrated Services, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Bei Wang,

Bei Wang

Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Ziling Sun,

Ziling Sun

orcid.org/0000-0001-5357-5332

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yao Wang,

Corresponding Author

Yao Wang

[email protected]

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Correspondence

Yao Wang, Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.

Email: [email protected]

Search for more papers by this author

Cheng Chen,

Cheng Chen

orcid.org/0000-0002-8583-5431

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Xiaohang Wang,

Xiaohang Wang

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yuanyuan Tan,

Yuanyuan Tan

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Jiao Yang,

Jiao Yang

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yuexing Yuan,

Yuexing Yuan

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Juan Chen,

Juan Chen

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Haijian Guo,

Haijian Guo

Department of Integrated Services, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Bei Wang,

Bei Wang

Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Ziling Sun,

Ziling Sun

orcid.org/0000-0001-5357-5332

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yao Wang,

Corresponding Author

Yao Wang

[email protected]

Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

Correspondence

Yao Wang, Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.

Email: [email protected]

Search for more papers by this author

First published: 17 December 2019

https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13016

Citations: 5

Funding information: National Key Technology R&D Program of China, Grant/Award Number: 5,800,000

Share a link

Email
Wechat
Bluesky

Abstract

Background

Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a new glycemic marker which can reflect glucose fluctuation over 3 to 7 days and is now increasingly used to monitor glucose control and to screen for diabetes. However, 1,5-AG has not been widely used in China due to lack of epidemiological support. Our study aims to establish the reference intervals for a population with normal glucose tolerance in Jiangsu Province and to explore the determinants of these intervals.

Method

The study enrolled 646 healthy adults aged 20 to 70 years in Jiangsu Province in 2018 after oral glucose tolerance test. 1,5-AG, fasting and 2-hour glucose, UA, liver enzyme, serum lipid, creatinine, and glycosylated hemoglobin were measured. We calculated reference intervals using the parametric method and examined the relationship between 1,5-AG and influence factors.

Results

The average age of the participants was 50.5 ± 9.0 years, and 69.5% of them were females. The reference intervals were 15.8 to 52.6 μg/mL for males and 14.3 to 48.0 μg/mL for females. Among females, the reference intervals were 13.9 to 45.3 and 14.6 to 49.6 μg/mL for menopausal and postmenopausal females, respectively. Males showed higher 1,5-AG concentrations than females, and postmenopausal females had higher 1,5-AG than menopausal females. There was a positive correlation between uric acid and 1,5-AG in both genders. Positive correlation between 1,5-AG and age was only observed in females.

Conclusion

We established reference intervals for 1,5-AG in Jiangsu Province, and the level of 1,5-AG is affected by sex, uric acid, and age.

摘要

背景

血清1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇(1,5-AG)是一种能反映3-7天血糖波动的新指标, 近年来被广泛地运用于糖尿病监测和筛查中。但在中国仍因缺少1,5-AG相关流行病学研究而未广泛应用。本研究旨在建立中国江苏省糖耐量正常人群参考值范围以及影响因素。

方法

本研究于2018年在江苏省招募年龄20-70岁之间的成年人, 通过口服葡萄糖耐量试验, 纳入646名糖耐量正常的健康受试者。测量血1,5-AG值、空腹及餐后2小时血糖、尿酸、肝酶、血脂、肌酐及糖化血红蛋白等生化指标。运用参数法计算受试者血清1,5-AG值参考值范围, 并观察其与其他影响因素的关系。

结果

本研究受试者年龄50.5±9.0岁, 女性占69.5%。1,5-AG参考值范围:男性为15.8-52.6μg/mL；女性为14.3-48.0μg/mL, 其中非绝经女性为13.9-45.3μg/mL, 绝经女性为14.6-49.6μg/mL。男性组1,5-AG值明显高于女性组, 绝经女性的1,5-AG水平高于非绝经女性。1,5-AG水平与尿酸水平在两性之间呈正相关关系。女性组1,5-AG与年龄呈正相关关系。

结论

本研究在中国江苏省建立了1,5-AG参考值范围；1,5-AG值与性别及年龄和尿酸相关。

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

REFERENCEs

1Yamanouchi T, Tachibana Y, Akanuma H, et al. Origin and disposal of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, a major polyol in the human body. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263(2 Pt 1): E268.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
2Yamanouchi T, Akanuma H, Nakamura T, et al. Reduction of plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1-deoxyglucose) concentration in diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1988; 31(1): 41-45.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
3Dungan KM, Buse JB, Largay J, et al. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol and postprandial Hyperglycemia as measured by continuous glucose monitoring system in moderately controlled patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(6): 1214-1219.
10.2337/dc06-1910
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
4Akanuma Y, Morita M, Fukuzawa N, Yamanouchi T, Akanuma H. Urinary excretion of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol accompanying glucose excretion in diabetic patients[J]. Diabetologia. 1988; 31(11): 831-835.
10.1007/BF00277486
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
5Kim MJ, Jung HS, Hwang-Bo Y, et al. Evaluation of 1,5-anhydroglucitol as a marker for glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol. 2013; 50(4): 505-510.
10.1007/s00592-011-0302-0
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
6Christensen BL, Williams M. Assessing postprandial glucose using 1,5-anhydroglucitol: an integrative literature review. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2019; 21(10): 542-548.
10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00443.x
Web of Science® Google Scholar
7Rebholz CM, Grams ME, Chen Y, et al. Serum levels of 1,5-Anhydroglucitol and risk of incident end-stage renal disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2017; 186(8): 952-960.
10.1093/aje/kwx167
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
8Gotoh M. Serum uric acid concentrations in type 2 diabetes: its significant relationship to serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol concentrations. Endocr Regul. 2005; 39(4): 119-125.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
9Ouchi M, Oba K, Yamashita H, et al. Effects of sex and age on serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol in nondiabetic subjects. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2012; 120(05): 288-295.
10.1055/s-0032-1304604
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
10Tsukui S. Effects of age and obesity on glycated haemoglobin and 1,5-anhydroglucitol in screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med. 1995; 12(10): 899-903.
10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00393.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
11 Chinese Diabetes Association. Guidelines for blood sugar monitoring in China.(2015 version). Chin J Diabetes Mellitus. 2015; 7(10): 603-613.
Google Scholar
12Zhou Q, Shi DB, Lv LY. The establishment of biological reference intervals of nontraditional glycemic markers in a Chinese population. J Clin Lab Anal. 2017; 31(5):e22097.
10.1002/jcla.22097
Web of Science® Google Scholar
13World Health Organization: Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/philip.home/who_dmg.pdf. Accessed March 12, 2013.
Google Scholar
14Richterich R, Dauwalder H. Determination of plasma glucose by hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1971; 101(17): 615.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
15National Center for Health Statistics: NHANES 2005–2006 Manuals, Bro-chures, Consent Documents [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nhanes2005–2006/current_nhanes_05_06.htm. Accessed May 15, 2009.
Google Scholar
16Tanaka S, Nakamori K, Akanuma H, Yabuuchi M. High performance liquid hromatographic determination of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in human plasma for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Biomed Chromatogr. 1992; 6(2): 63-66.
10.1002/bmc.1130060204
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
17Schmechel H. chmeFchmechel, chmeFolger, olgeRobillerSchmechel R: clinical remarks on the estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the Cockroft-Galut equation alut equation the estit. NierenHochdruckkrankh. 2005; 34: 433-444.
Google Scholar
18Tukey J. Exploratory Data Analysis. Boston: Addison-Wesley; 1977.
Google Scholar
19Box GEP, Cox DR. An analysis of transformations. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 1964; 26: 211-246.
10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x
PubMed Google Scholar
20EP28-A3c, Defining, Establishing, and Verifying Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory, 3rd Ed., Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 2010.
Google Scholar
21Ying L, He X, Ma X, et al. Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol when used with fasting plasma glucose improves the efficiency of diabetes screening in a Chinese population. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):11968.
10.1038/s41598-017-12210-z
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
22Kishimoto M, Yamasaki Y, Kubota M, et al. 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol evaluates daily glycemic excursions in well-controlled NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18(8): 1156-1159.
10.2337/diacare.18.8.1156
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
23Selvin E, Warren B, He X, et al. Establishment of community-based reference intervals for Fructosamine, Glycated albumin, and 1,5-Anhydroglucitol. Clin Chem. 2018; 64(5):843-850.
10.1373/clinchem.2017.285742
Web of Science® Google Scholar
24Marciane W, BoritzaKátia C, Anghebem-Oliveira MI, et al. Reference intervals for serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol in children, adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. Clin Chim Acta. 2018; 486: 54-58.
10.1016/j.cca.2018.07.018
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
25Herman WH, Dungan KM, Wolffenbuttel BHR, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in mean plasma glucose, Hemoglobin A1c and 1,5-Anhydroglucitol in over 2000 patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2009; 94(5): 1689-1694.
10.1210/jc.2008-1940
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
26Selvin E, Steffes MW, Ballantyne CM, et al. Racial differences in Glycemic markers: a cross-sectional analysis of community-based data. Ann Intern Med. 2011; 154(5): 303-309.
10.7326/0003-4819-154-5-201103010-00004
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
27Daly CH, Higgins V, Adeli K, et al. Reference interval estimation: methodological comparison using extensive simulations and empirical data. Clin Biochem. 2017; 50(18): 1145-1158.
10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.07.005
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
28Wang Y, Zhang YL, Wang YP, et al. A study on the association of serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels and the hyperglycaemic excursions as measured by continuous glucose monitoring system among people with type 2 diabetes in China. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012; 28(4): 357-362.
10.1002/dmrr.2278
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
29Mehta SN, Schwartz N, Wood JR, Svoren BM, Laffel LM. Evaluation of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, hemoglobin A1c, and glucose levels in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 13(3): 278-284.
10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00830.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
30Nowatzke W, Sarno MJ, Birch NC, et al. Evaluation of an assay for serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (GlycoMark) and determination of reference intervals on the Hitachi 917 analyzer. Clin Chim Acta. 2004; 350(1–2): 201-209.
10.1016/j.cccn.2004.08.013
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
31Bai Y et al. Serum 1,5-Anhydroglucitol concentrations remain valid as a Glycemic control marker in diabetes with earlier chronic kidney disease stages. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019; 127(04): 220-225.
10.1055/s-0043-122142
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
32Yang T, Chu CH, Bai CH, et al. Uric acid level as a risk marker for metabolic syndrome: a Chinese cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2012; 220(2): 525-531.
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.014
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
33Ouchi M, Oba K, Aoyama J, et al. Serum uric acid in relation to serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Biochem. 2013; 46(15): 1436-1441.
10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.06.003
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
34Koga M, Murai J, Saito H, et al. Close relation- ship between serum concentrations of 1,5-anhydroglucitol and uric acid in non- diabetic male subjects implies common renal transport system. Clin Chim Acta. 2009; 410: 70-73.
10.1016/j.cca.2009.09.024
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
35Kilpatrick ES, Keevilt BG, Richmond KL, et al. Plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol concentrations are influenced by variations in the renal threshold for glucose. Diabet Med. 1999; 16(6): 496-499.
10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00093.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
36Antón FM, García Puig J, Ramos T, González P, Ordás J. Sex differences in uric acid metabolism in adults: evidence for a lack of influence of estradiol-17 beta (E2) on the renal handling of urate. Metabolism. 1986; 35: 343-348.
10.1016/0026-0495(86)90152-6
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
37Takiue Y, Hosoyamada M, Kimura M, Saito H. The effect of female hormones upon urate transport systems in the mouse kidney. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2011; 30: 113-119.
10.1080/15257770.2010.551645
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
38Hasslacher C, Kulozik F. Effect of renal function on serum concentration of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in type 2 diabetic patients in chronic kidney disease stages I–III: a comparative study with HbA1c and glycated albumin. J Diabetes. 2016; 8(5): 712-719.
10.1111/1753-0407.12354
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
39Kim WJ, Park C-Y, Lee K-B, et al. Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol concentrations are a reliable index of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes with mild or moderate renal dysfunction. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35: 281-286.
10.2337/dc11-1462
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Volume12, Issue6

June 2020

Pages 447-454

This article also appears in:

Clinical Science

Reference intervals for serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol of a population with normal glucose tolerance in Jiangsu Province

1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇在中国江苏省糖耐量正常人群中参考值范围的研究

Abstract

Background

Method

Results

Conclusion

摘要

背景

方法

结果

结论

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

REFERENCEs

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Reference intervals for serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol of a population with normal glucose tolerance in Jiangsu Province

1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇在中国江苏省糖耐量正常人群中参考值范围的研究

Abstract

Background

Method

Results

Conclusion

摘要

背景

方法

结果

结论

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

REFERENCEs

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information