Unveiling Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Lithium Metal Anodes: Recent Developments and Prospective Advances
Junaid Aslam
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Ahsan Waseem
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorXiao-Meng Lu
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorSongling Wu
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorWeiwei Sun
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yong Wang
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJunaid Aslam
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Ahsan Waseem
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorXiao-Meng Lu
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorSongling Wu
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorWeiwei Sun
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yong Wang
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are distinguished by their elevated energy densities which represent themselves as the formidable contenders for the forthcoming generation of energy storage technologies. Nonetheless, their cycling efficiency is hindered owing to unregulated growth of lithium dendrites and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This raises serious safety concerns while rendering LMBs unfeasible for real-world implementation. Covalent Triazine Frameworks (CTFs) have emerged as a promising class of 2D nanomaterials due to their unique properties such as high surface area, chemical stability, tailorable properties, porosity and high N-containing groups. These groups serve as an efficient acceptor for Li. Consequently, the problem of lithium dendrite formation is significantly reduced. This review offers an extensive examination of CTF based anode materials utilized to address the challenges associated with lithium dendrites in LMBs. It is outline future prospects and provide recommendations for the design and engineering of lithium metal anodes (LMAs) and architectures that can make LMBs viable for practical use. This review also highlights promising strategies for surmounting challenges to ensure the safety and efficiency of LMBs.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1Z. Wu, K. Sun, Z. Wang, Batteries 2022, 8, 246.
- 2B. Sun, Q. Zhang, W. Xu, R. Zhao, H. Zhu, W. Lv, X. Li, N. Yang, Nano Energy 2022, 94, 106937.
- 3G. Cui, Matter 2020, 2, 805.
- 4L. Yue, X. Wang, L. Chen, D. Shen, Z. Shao, H. Wu, S. Xiao, W. Liang, Y. Yu, Y. Li, Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 1117.
- 5A. K. Prajapati, A. Bhatnagar, J. Energy Chem. 2023, 83, 509.
- 6W. Yu, C. Li, Y. Li, J. Yan, H. Yu, X. Zhou, Y. Ma, H. Kan, Q. Meng, P. Dong, J. Alloys Compd. 2024, 986, 174156.
- 7D. Sunkari, K. Deshmukh, S. Panda, S. K. K. Pasha, J. Energy Storage 2024, 92, 112017.
- 8W. Huang, C. Zhao, P. Wu, H. Yuan, W. Feng, Z. Liu, Y. Lu, S. Sun, Z. Fu, J. Hu, S. Yang, J. Huang, Q. Zhang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2201044.
- 9Y. He, M. Zhang, A. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Pham, Q. Hu, L. Sheng, H. Xu, L. Wang, J. Park, X. He, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 33952.
- 10R. Guo, Y. Yang, X. L. Huang, C. Zhao, B. Hu, F. Huo, H. K. Liu, B. Sun, Z. Sun, S. X. Dou, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2307108.
- 11C. Zhao, F. Huo, Y. Yang, J. Ruan, F. Chai, H. Xu, Y. Liu, L. Zhang, A. Cabot, Z. Sun, Y. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2402175.
- 12G. Yasin, M. Arif, T. Mehtab, X. Lu, D. Yu, N. Muhammad, M. T. Nazir, H. Song, Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 25, 644.
- 13L. Shen, P. Shi, X. Hao, Q. Zhao, J. Ma, Y. He, F. Kang, Small 2020, 16, 2000699.
- 14C. Zhao, Y. Yang, Y. Liu, Z. Sun, T. Zhang, Z. Gao, F. Huo, Y. Zhang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2024, 644, 158736.
- 15Z. Sun, S. Vijay, H. H. Heenen, A. Y. S. Eng, W. Tu, Y. Zhao, S. W. Koh, P. Gao, Z. W. Seh, K. Chan, H. Li, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1904010.
- 16K. Qin, K. Holguin, M. Mohammadiroudbari, J. Huang, E. Y. S. Kim, R. Hall, C. Luo, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2009694.
- 17M. Liu, C. Wang, Z. Cheng, S. Ganapathy, L. A. Haverkate, S. Unnikrishnan, M. Wagemaker, ACS Mater. Lett. 2020, 2, 665.
- 18Y. Yang, B. Sun, Z. Sun, J. Xue, J. He, Z. Wang, K. Sun, Z. Sun, H. K. Liu, S. X. Dou, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024, 510, 215836.
- 19J. Wang, L. Chen, H. Li, F. Wu, Energy Environ. Mater. 2023, 6, 12613.
- 20J. Yang, X. Li, K. Qu, Y. Wang, K. Shen, C. Jiang, B. Yu, P. Luo, Z. Li, M. Chen, B. Guo, M. Wang, J. Chen, Z. Ma, Y. Huang, Z. Yang, P. Liu, R. Huang, X. Ren, D. Mitlin, Carbon Energy 2023, 5, 275.
- 21X. Zhang, Y. Li, H. Zhang, G. Li, Carbon Energy 2023, 5, 348.
- 22S. Cho, J. C. Hyun, S. Ha, Y. Choi, H. Seong, J. Choi, H. Jin, Y. S. Yun, Carbon Energy 2023, 5, 288.
- 23J. Ding, J. He, L. Chen, Y. Sun, Y. Xu, L.-P. Lv, Y. Wang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202416271.
10.1002/anie.202416271 Google Scholar
- 24Z. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Zhang, X. Chen, W. Lie, Y. He, Z. Zhou, G. Xia, Z. Guo, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2002414.
- 25S. Xia, X. Zhang, G. Yang, L. Shi, L. Cai, Y. Xia, J. Yang, S. Zheng, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 11920.
- 26Y. Zong, H. He, Y. Wang, M. Wu, X. Ren, Z. Bai, N. Wang, X. Ning, S. X. Dou, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2300403.
- 27K.-C. Pu, X. Zhang, X.-L. Qu, J.-J. Hu, H.-W. Li, M.-X. Gao, H.-G. Pan, Y.-F. Liu, Rare Met. 2020, 39, 616.
- 28B. Wu, C. Chen, L. H. J. Raijmakers, J. Liu, D. L. Danilov, R.-A. Eichel, P. H. L. Notten, Energy Storage Mater. 2023, 57, 508.
- 29W. Liu, P. Liu, D. Mitlin, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002297.
- 30L. Su, A. Manthiram, Small Struct. 2022, 3, 2200114.
- 31L. He, Q. Sun, L. Lu, S. Adams, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 34320.
- 32Q. Wang, B. Liu, Y. Shen, J. Wu, Z. Zhao, C. Zhong, W. Hu, Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2101111.
- 33P. Kuhn, M. Antonietti, A. Thomas, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3450.
- 34Y. Qi, W. Peng, Y. Li, F. Zhang, X. Fan, Electrochim. Acta 2024, 479, 143870.
- 35C. Wu, M. Hu, X. Yan, G. Shan, J. Liu, J. Yang, Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 36, 347.
- 36Y. Zhao, T. Li, J. Gu, B. Zhang, P. Zhai, Z. Xue, H. Gao, Q. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2023, 618, 156697.
- 37L. Liao, M. Li, Y. Yin, J. Chen, Q. Zhong, R. Du, S. Liu, Y. He, W. Fu, F. Zeng, ACS Omega 2023, 8, 4527.
- 38P. Xiong, S. Zhang, R. Wang, L. Zhang, Q. Ma, X. Ren, Y. Gao, Z. Wang, Z. Guo, C. Zhang, Energy Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 3181.
- 39F. Jiang, Y. Wang, T. Qiu, Y. Zhang, W. Zhu, C. Yang, J. Huang, Z. Fang, G. Dai, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 48818.
- 40G. Gao, Y. Jia, H. Gao, W. Shi, J. Yu, Z. Yang, Z. Dong, Y. Zhao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 50258.
- 41M. Liu, K. Jiang, X. Ding, S. Wang, C. Zhang, J. Liu, Z. Zhan, G. Cheng, B. Li, H. Chen, S. Jin, B. Tan, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1807865.
- 42S. Kuecken, J. Schmidt, L. Zhi, A. Thomas, J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 24422.
- 43P. Zhang, J. Jia, Y. Wang, L. Tong, J. Wang, C. Li, H. Dong, Sep. Purif. Technol. 2024, 330, 125224.
- 44Z. Wang, X. Zou, M. Lv, B. Zhang, Energy Mater 2024, 4, 39.
- 45Y. Zheng, N. A. Khan, X. Ni, K. A. I. Zhang, Y. Shen, N. Huang, X. Y. Kong, L. Ye, Chem. Comm. 2023, 59, 6314.
- 46M. Liu, L. Guo, S. Jin, B. Tan, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 5153.
- 47C. Krishnaraj, H. S. Jena, K. Leus, P. Van Der Voort, Green Chem. 2020, 22, 1038.
- 48Y. Huang, H. Yang, Y. Gao, G. Chen, Y. Li, L. Shi, D. Zhang, Mater. Chem. Front. 2024, 8, 1282.
- 49B. Liu, J.-G. Zhang, W. Xu, Joule 2018, 2, 833.
- 50S. Liu, X. Ji, J. Yue, S. Hou, P. Wang, C. Cui, J. Chen, B. Shao, J. Li, F. Han, J. Tu, C. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 2438.
- 51R. Li, S. O'Kane, M. Marinescu, G. J. Offer, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2022, 169, 060516.
- 52D.-J. Yoo, Q. Liu, O. Cohen, M. Kim, K. A. Persson, Z. Zhang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 11910.
- 53C. Ma, R. Li, C. Li, J. Zhou, Y. He, F. Jiao, Energy Storage Mater. 2024, 67, 103306.
- 54X. Shen, R. Zhang, X. Chen, X. Cheng, X. Li, Q. Zhang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903645.
- 55S. Zhang, Y. Li, L. J. Bannenberg, M. Liu, S. Ganapathy, M. Wagemaker, Sci. Adv. 2024, 10, 8889.
- 56Q. Kang, Y. Li, Z. Zhuang, H. Yang, L. Luo, J. Xu, J. Wang, Q. Guan, H. Zhu, Y. Zuo, D. Wang, F. Pei, L. Ma, J. Zhao, P. Li, Y. Lin, Y. Liu, K. Shi, H. Li, Y. Zhu, J. Chen, F. Liu, G. Wu, J. Yang, P. Jiang, X. Huang, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2308799.
- 57M. Gao, H. Li, L. Xu, Q. Xue, X. Wang, Y. Bai, C. Wu, J. Energy Chem. 2021, 59, 666.
- 58K. Yoon, S. Lee, K. Oh, K. Kang, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2104666.
- 59B. S. Vishnugopi, E. Kazyak, J. A. Lewis, J. Nanda, M. T. McDowell, N. P. Dasgupta, P. P. Mukherjee, ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 3734.
- 60J. Zhang, Y. Su, Y. Zhang, Nanoscale 2020, 12, 15528.
- 61X. Zhang, Y. Yang, Z. Zhou, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 3040.
- 62J. Xiao, Q. Li, Y. Bi, M. Cai, B. Dunn, T. Glossmann, J. Liu, T. Osaka, R. Sugiura, B. Wu, J. Yang, J.-G. Zhang, M. S. Whittingham, Nat. Energy 2020, 5, 561.
- 63S. Kim, G. Park, S. J. Lee, S. Seo, K. Ryu, C. H. Kim, J. W. Choi, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2206625.
- 64J. Li, Y. Cai, H. Wu, Z. Yu, X. Yan, Q. Zhang, T. Z. Gao, K. Liu, X. Jia, Z. Bao, Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2003239.
- 65W. Ren, Y. Zheng, Z. Cui, Y. Tao, B. Li, W. Wang, Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 35, 157.
- 66J. D. McBrayer, C. A. Apblett, K. L. Harrison, K. R. Fenton, S. D. Minteer, Nanotech 2021, 32, 502005.
- 67M. K. Aslam, Y. Niu, T. Hussain, H. Tabassum, W. Tang, M. Xu, R. Ahuja, Nano Energy 2021, 86, 106142.
- 68R. Wang, W. Cui, F. Chu, F. Wu, J. Energy Chem. 2020, 48, 145.
- 69A. Gupta, A. Manthiram, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2001972.
- 70C. Wei, Y. Zhang, Y. Tian, L. Tan, Y. An, Y. Qian, B. Xi, S. Xiong, J. Feng, Y. Qian, Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 38, 157.
- 71S. Yang, F. Jiang, J. Hu, H. Yuan, X. Cheng, S. Kaskel, Q. Zhang, J. Huang, Electron 2023, 1, 8.
- 72J. Wu, L. Yuan, Z. Li, X. Xie, Y. Huang, Mater. Horiz. 2020, 7, 2619.
- 73D. Cao, X. Sun, Q. Li, A. Natan, P. Xiang, H. Zhu, Matter 2020, 3, 57.
- 74X. Shen, R. Zhang, P. Shi, X. Chen, Q. Zhang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2003416.
- 75Z. Xie, Z. Wu, X. An, X. Yue, J. Wang, A. Abudula, G. Guan, Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 32, 386.
- 76D. Kang, M. Xiao, J. P. Lemmon, Batter. Supercaps. 2021, 4, 445.
- 77D.-H. Liu, Z. Bai, M. Li, A. Yu, D. Luo, W. Liu, L. Yang, J. Lu, K. Amine, Z. Chen, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 5407.
- 78Y. Lei, L. Xu, Q. N. Chan, A. Li, A. C. Yin Yuen, Y. Yuan, G. H. Yeoh, W. Wang, eTransportation 2024, 20, 100330.
- 79K. Qin, J. V. Nguyen, Z. Yang, C. Luo, Mater. Today Energy 2023, 31, 101199.
- 80Y. Jie, C. Tang, Y. Xu, Y. Guo, W. Li, Y. Chen, H. Jia, J. Zhang, M. Yang, R. Cao, Y. Lu, J. Cho, S. Jiao, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 136, 2307802.
10.1002/ange.202307802 Google Scholar
- 81R. Pathak, K. Chen, F. Wu, A. U. Mane, R. V. Bugga, J. W. Elam, Q. Qiao, Y. Zhou, Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 41, 448.
- 82Y.-Y. Wang, X.-Q. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhou, J.-Q. Huang, Nano Research Energy 2023, 2, 9120046.
- 83A. Kolesnikov, M. Kolek, J. F. Dohmann, F. Horsthemke, M. Börner, P. Bieker, M. Winter, M. C. Stan, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000017.
- 84M. Qi, L. Xie, Q. Han, L. Zhu, L. Chen, X. Cao, J. Energy Storage 2022, 47, 103641.
- 85X.-M. Lu, H. Wang, Y. Sun, Y. Xu, W. Sun, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, C. Yang, Y. Wang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, 2409436.
- 86Y. Zheng, S. Xia, F. Dong, H. Sun, Y. Pang, J. Yang, Y. Huang, S. Zheng, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2006159.
- 87W. Zhang, G. Jiang, W. Zou, L. Zhang, S. Li, S. Qi, X. Wang, Z. Cui, H. Song, L. Du, Z. Liang, J. Power Sources 2022, 548, 232001.
- 88Z. Li, W. Ji, T.-X. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Li, X. Ding, B.-H. Han, W. Feng, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 22586.
- 89X. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Dou, Z. Zhao, X. Fan, H. Jiang, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2024, 7, 2825.
- 90G. Zhong, J. Ma, T. Jia, K. Cai, S. Huang, X. Ren, R. Yin, K. Yu, Y. He, L. Qiu, W. Ding, X. Yu, F. Kang, Y. Cao, Nano Energy 2022, 103, 107828.
- 91Z. Li, L. Sun, L. Zhai, K. Oh, J. Seo, C. Li, D. Han, J. Baek, S. Lee, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, 2307459.
- 92T. Zhou, Y. Zhao, J. W. Choi, A. Coskun, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 16795.
- 93U. S. Meda, L. Lal, S. M., P. Garg, J. Energy Storage 2022, 47, 103564.
- 94X. Chen, B. Zhao, C. Yan, Q. Zhang, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2004128.
- 95Y. Sun, K. Zhang, R. Chai, Y. Wang, X. Rui, K. Wang, H. Deng, H. Xiang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2303020.
- 96Y. Jie, X. Ren, R. Cao, W. Cai, S. Jiao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1910777.
- 97X. Zhang, Q. Su, G. Du, B. Xu, S. Wang, Z. Chen, L. Wang, W. Huang, H. Pang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 135, 2304947.
- 98X. Zhang, Q. Wu, X. Guan, F. Cao, C. Li, J. Xu, J. Power Sources 2020, 452, 227833.
- 99Y. Han, B. Liu, Z. Xiao, W. Zhang, X. Wang, G. Pan, Y. Xia, X. Xia, J. Tu, InfoMat 2021, 3, 155.
- 100Q. Wang, C. Yang, J. Yang, K. Wu, C. Hu, J. Lu, W. Liu, X. Sun, J. Qiu, H. Zhou, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1903248.
- 101S. H. Lee, J. Hwang, S. Park, G. Park, Y. Sun, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1902496.
- 102J. Meng, F. Chu, J. Hu, C. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1902220.
- 103R. Li, Y. Fan, C. Zhao, A. Hu, B. Zhou, M. He, J. Chen, Z. Yan, Y. Pan, J. Long, Small Methods 2023, 7, 2201177.
- 104H. Mei, P. Piccardo, A. Cingolani, R. Spotorno, J. Power Sources 2023, 553, 232257.
- 105H. Wu, H. Jia, C. Wang, J. Zhang, W. Xu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2003092.
- 106J. Hou, H. Liu, M. Gao, Q. Pan, Y. Zhao, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 2414566.
- 107X. Lu, Y. Cao, Y. Sun, H. Wang, W. Sun, Y. Xu, Y. Wu, C. Yang, Y. Wang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, 2320259.
- 108Y. Cao, Q. Xu, Y. Sun, J. Shi, Y. Xu, Y. Tang, X. Chen, S. Yang, Z. Jiang, H.-D. Um, X. Li, Y. Wang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2024, 121, 2315407121.
10.1073/pnas.2315407121 Google Scholar
- 109S. Aggarwal, S. K. Awasthi, Dalton Transac. 2024, 53, 11601.
- 110A. Hayat, H. Ali, Z. Ajmal, A. Alshammari, M. M. Alghamdi, A. A. El-Zahhar, N. Almuqati, M. Sohail, A. M. Abu-Dief, S. Khan, Y. Al-Hadeethi, M. Z. Ansari, Y. Orooji, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2025, 147, 101352.
- 111C. Zhang, J. Xie, C. Zhao, Y. Yang, Q. An, Z. Mei, Q. Xu, Y. Ding, G. Zhao, H. Guo, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2304511.
- 112J. Wang, B. Ge, H. Li, M. Yang, J. Wang, D. Liu, C. Fernandez, X. Chen, Q. Peng, Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 420, 129739.
- 113S. Lv, X. Ma, S. Ke, Y. Wang, T. Ma, S. Yuan, Z. Jin, J.-L. Zuo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 9385.
- 114X. Lin, L. Li, E. Lora da Silva, T. Yang, Q. Liu, Mater. Today 2024, 77, 19.
- 115J. Li, Y. Cai, H. Wu, Z. Yu, X. Yan, Q. Zhang, T. Z. Gao, K. Liu, X. Jia, Z. Bao, Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2003239.