Review
Continuous Covalent Organic Frameworks Membranes: From Preparation Strategies to Applications
Xiaojun Sun,
Mengting Di,
Jie Liu,
Li Gao,
Xiaoming Yan,
Gaohong He,
Xiaojun Sun
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
Search for more papers by this authorMengting Di
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
Search for more papers by this authorJie Liu
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Li Gao
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiaoming Yan
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gaohong He
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorXiaojun Sun,
Mengting Di,
Jie Liu,
Li Gao,
Xiaoming Yan,
Gaohong He,
Xiaojun Sun
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
Search for more papers by this authorMengting Di
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
Search for more papers by this authorJie Liu
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Li Gao
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiaoming Yan
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gaohong He
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous crystalline polymeric materials formed by the covalent bonding of organic units. The abundant organic units library gives the COFs species diversity, easily tuned pore channels, and pore sizes. In addition, the periodic arrangement of organic units endows COFs regular and highly connected pore channels, which has led to the rapid development of COFs in membrane separations. Continuous defect-free and high crystallinity of COF membranes is the key to their application in separations, which is the most important issue to be addressed in the research. This review article describes the linkage types of covalent bonds, synthesis methods, and pore size regulation strategies of COFs materials. Further, the preparation strategies of continuous COFs membranes are highlighted, including layer-by-layer (LBL) stacking, in situ growth, interfacial polymerization (IP), and solvent casting. The applications in separation fields of continuous COFs membranes are also discussed, including gas separation, water treatment, organic solvent nanofiltration, ion conduction, and energy battery membranes. Finally, the research results are summarized and the future prospect for the development of COFs membranes are outlined. More attention may be paid to the large-scale preparation of COFs membranes and the development of conductive COFs membranes in future research.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1a) H. Dou, M. Xu, B. Wang, Z. Zhang, G. Wen, Y. Zheng, D. Luo, L. Zhao, A. Yu, L. Zhang, Z. Jiang, Z. Chen, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 986; b) S. Qiu, M. Xue, G. Zhu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 6116.
- 2S. Wang, X. Li, H. Wu, Z. Tian, Q. Xin, G. He, D. Peng, S. Chen, Y. Yin, Z. Jiang, M. D. Guiver, Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1863.
- 3a) H. Richter, H. Voss, N. Kaltenborn, S. Kamnitz, A. Wollbrink, A. Feldhoff, J. Caro, S. Roitsch, I. Voigt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 7760; b) Z. Liu, W. Qiu, W. J. Koros, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, 202210831; c) X. Lu, H. Wang, Y. Yang, Z. Wang, J. Membr. Sci. 2022, 662, 120931; d) M. B. Asif, Z. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 418, 129481; e) Z. S. Hang Li, X. Zhang, Y. Huang, S. Li, Y. Mao, H. J. Ploehn, Y. Bao, M. Yu, Science 2013, 342, 95.
- 4a) K. Hendrix, G. Koeckelberghs, I. F. J. Vankelecom, J. Membr. Sci. 2014, 452, 241; b) F. Liu, M. Wang, X. Wang, P. Wang, W. Shen, S. Ding, Y. Wang, Nanotechnology 2019, 30, 052001; c) J. Yang, P. Liu, X. He, J. Hou, Y. Feng, Z. Huang, L. Yu, L. Li, Z. Tang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 6244; d) C. Y. Chuah, K. Goh, Y. Yang, H. Gong, W. Li, H. E. Karahan, M. D. Guiver, R. Wang, T. H. Bae, Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 8655; e) D. J. Miller, D. R. Dreyer, C. W. Bielawski, D. R. Paul, B. D. Freeman, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 4662; f) Y. Zhao, Q. Yuan, J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 280, 195; g) Y.-W. Park, D.-S. Lee, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 93, 342; h) A. P. Straub, A. Deshmukh, M. Elimelech, Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 31; i) R. Zhang, Y. Liu, M. He, Y. Su, X. Zhao, M. Elimelech, Z. Jiang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 5888; j) W. Lu, Z. Yuan, M. Li, X. Li, H. Zhang, I. Vankelecom, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1604587; k) B. Li, B. Wang, Z. Liu, G. Qing, J. Membr. Sci. 2016, 517, 111.
- 5N. Rangnekar, N. Mittal, B. Elyassi, J. Caro, M. Tsapatsis, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 7128.
- 6D. Shi, X. Yu, W. Fan, V. Wee, D. Zhao, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2021, 437, 213794.
- 7X. Li, Y. Liu, J. Wang, J. Gascon, J. Li, B. Van der Bruggen, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 7124.
- 8a) J. Wu, Q. Dai, H. Zhang, X. Li, Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 35, 687; b) W. Lu, Z. Yuan, Y. Zhao, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Li, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 2199; c) P. Wang, Z. Xu, Y. Lin, L. Wan, B. Wang, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 8949; d) D. Yu, B. Wu, J. Ran, L. Ge, L. Wu, H. Wang, T. Xu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 16953; e) X. Wang, B. Wu, N. U. Afsar, Y. Zhu, T. Xu, Z. Zhao, X. Li, L. Ge, T. Xu, J. Membr. Sci. 2021, 639, 119757; f) Y. Deng, Y. Wang, X. Xiao, B. J. Saucedo, Z. Zhu, M. Xie, X. Xu, K. Yao, Y. Zhai, Z. Zhang, J. Chen, Small 2022, 18, 2202928; g) Y. Zhi, Z. Wang, H. L. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Small 2020, 16, 2001070.
- 9a) J. Hou, H. Zhang, G. P. Simon, H. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1902009; b) Y. Cheng, Y. Ying, S. Japip, S. D. Jiang, T. S. Chung, S. Zhang, D. Zhao, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1802401; c) Y. Li, X. Gao, M. Wang, Y. Gao, D. Jiang, Small 2022, 18, 2205400; d) Y. Shi, X. Zhang, H. Liu, J. Han, Z. Yang, L. Gu, Z. Tang, Small 2020, 16, 2001998.
- 10a) H. S. Sasmal, A. K. Mahato, P. Majumder, R. Banerjee, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 11482; b) Q. Cao, L. Wan, Z. Xu, W. Kuang, H. Liu, X. Zhang, W. Zhang, Y. Lu, Y. Yao, B. Wang, K. Liu, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2210550; c) C. Wu, L. Xia, S. Xia, B. Van der Bruggen, Y. Zhao, Small 2023, 19, 2206041.
- 11S. Yuan, X. Li, J. Zhu, G. Zhang, P. Van Puyvelde, B. Van der Bruggen, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 2665.
- 12a) J. L. Segura, S. Royuela, M. Mar Ramos, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 3903; b) F. Sheng, X. Li, Y. Li, N. U. Afsar, Z. Zhao, L. Ge, T. Xu, J. Membr. Sci. 2022, 644, 120118.
- 13L. Chen, C. Zhou, T. Yang, W. Zhou, Y. Chen, L. Wang, C. Lu, L. Dong, Small 2023, 19, 2300456.
- 14J. Hu, S. K. Gupta, J. Ozdemir, M. H. Beyzavi, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2020, 3, 6239.
- 15I. Ahmed, S. H. Jhung, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2021, 441, 213989.
- 16A. P. Cote, A. I. Benin, N. W. Ockwig, M. O'Keeffe, A. J. Matzger, O. M. Yaghi, Science 2005, 310, 1166.
- 17a) A. P. Cote, H. M. El-Kaderi, H. Furukawa, J. R. Hunt, O. M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12914; b) R. Nishiyabu, Y. Kubo, T. D. James, J. S. Fossey, Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 1124.
- 18a) J. Zhang, L. Wang, N. Li, J. Liu, W. Zhang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. Zhu, CrystEngComm 2014, 16, 6547; b) G. Zhang, O. Presly, F. White, I. M. Oppel, M. Mastalerz, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 1516.
- 19a) A. F. M. El-Mahdy, M. B. Zakaria, H.-X. Wang, T. Chen, Y. Yamauchi, S.-W. Kuo, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 25148; b) S. Y. Ding, J. Gao, Q. Wang, Y. Zhang, W. G. Song, C. Y. Su, W. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 19816.
- 20a) S. Royuela, E. Martinez-Perinan, M. P. Arrieta, J. I. Martinez, M. M. Ramos, F. Zamora, E. Lorenzo, J. L. Segura, Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 1267; b) H. L. Nguyen, C. Gropp, O. M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 2771.
- 21a) Y. Wang, Y. Liu, H. Li, X. Guan, M. Xue, Y. Yan, V. Valtchev, S. Qiu, Q. Fang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 3736; b) Y. Zhang, X. Shen, X. Feng, H. Xia, Y. Mu, X. Liu, Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 11088.
- 22a) P. Guan, J. Qiu, Y. Zhao, H. Wang, Z. Li, Y. Shi, J. Wang, Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 12459; b) L. Stegbauer, M. W. Hahn, A. Jentys, G. Savasci, C. Ochsenfeld, J. A. Lercher, B. V. Lotsch, Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 7874.
- 23a) S. Ren, M. J. Bojdys, R. Dawson, A. Laybourn, Y. Z. Khimyak, D. J. Adams, A. I. Cooper, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 2357; b) M. Liu, Q. Huang, S. Wang, Z. Li, B. Li, S. Jin, B. Tan, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 11968.
- 24a) C. R. DeBlase, K. E. Silberstein, T. T. Truong, H. D. Abruna, W. R. Dichtel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 16821; b) L. Liu, W.-K. Meng, Y.-S. Zhou, X. Wang, G.-J. Xu, M.-L. Wang, J.-M. Lin, R.-S. Zhao, Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 356, 926.
- 25J. Wang, S. Zhuang, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2019, 400, 213046.
- 26J. Yang, A. Acharjya, M. Y. Ye, J. Rabeah, S. Li, Z. Kochovski, S. Youk, J. Roeser, J. Gruneberg, C. Penschke, M. Schwarze, T. Wang, Y. Lu, R. van de Krol, M. Oschatz, R. Schomacker, P. Saalfrank, A. Thomas, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 19797.
- 27F. Beuerle, B. Gole, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 4850.
- 28B. Diaz de Grenu, J. Torres, J. Garcia-Gonzalez, S. Munoz-Pina, R. de Los Reyes, A. M. Costero, P. Amoros, J. V. Ros-Lis, ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 208.
- 29S. Kumar, V. V. Kulkarni, R. Jangir, ChemistrySelect 2021, 6, 11201.
- 30H. Wang, C. Qian, J. Liu, Y. Zeng, D. Wang, W. Zhou, L. Gu, H. Wu, G. Liu, Y. Zhao, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 4862.
- 31M. S. Lohse, T. Bein, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1705553.
- 32C. X. Yang, C. Liu, Y. M. Cao, X. P. Yan, Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 12254.
- 33S. Y. Ding, W. Wang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 548.
- 34a) R. Singh, D. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 33437; b) Z. Kang, Y. Peng, Y. Qian, D. Yuan, M. A. Addicoat, T. Heine, Z. Hu, L. Tee, Z. Guo, D. Zhao, Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 1277.
- 35P. Katekomol, J. Roeser, M. Bojdys, J. Weber, A. Thomas, Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 1542.
- 36N. L. Campbell, R. Clowes, L. K. Ritchie, A. I. Cooper, Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 204.
- 37B. P. Biswal, S. Chandra, S. Kandambeth, B. Lukose, T. Heine, R. Banerjee, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 5328.
- 38S.-T. Yang, J. Kim, H.-Y. Cho, S. Kim, W.-S. Ahn, RSC Adv. 2012, 2, 10179.
- 39A. de la Pena Ruigomez, D. Rodriguez-San-Miguel, K. C. Stylianou, M. Cavallini, D. Gentili, F. Liscio, S. Milita, O. M. Roscioni, M. L. Ruiz-Gonzalez, C. Carbonell, D. Maspoch, R. Mas-Balleste, J. L. Segura, F. Zamora, Chemistry 2015, 21, 10666.
- 40W. Ma, Q. Zheng, Y. He, G. Li, W. Guo, Z. Lin, L. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 18271.
- 41C. Montoro, D. Rodriguez-San-Miguel, E. Polo, R. Escudero-Cid, M. L. Ruiz-Gonzalez, J. A. R. Navarro, P. Ocon, F. Zamora, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 10079.
- 42S. Wan, J. Guo, J. Kim, H. Ihee, D. Jiang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 8826.
- 43Y. Zhang, Z. Huang, B. Ruan, X. Zhang, T. Jiang, N. Ma, F. C. Tsai, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2020, 41, 2000402.
- 44a) X. He, Y. Yang, H. Wu, G. He, Z. Xu, Y. Kong, L. Cao, B. Shi, Z. Zhang, C. Tongsh, K. Jiao, K. Zhu, Z. Jiang, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2001284; b) Y. Kong, X. He, H. Wu, Y. Yang, L. Cao, R. Li, B. Shi, G. He, Y. Liu, Q. Peng, C. Fan, Z. Zhang, Z. Jiang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 17638.
- 45Q. Xu, S. Tao, Q. Jiang, D. Jiang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 4557.
- 46A. Nagai, Z. Guo, X. Feng, S. Jin, X. Chen, X. Ding, D. Jiang, Nat. Commun. 2011, 2, 536.
- 47H. Furukawa, O. M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 8875.
- 48S. Wan, J. Guo, J. Kim, H. Ihee, D. Jiang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5439.
- 49X. Gao, X. Zou, H. Ma, S. Meng, G. Zhu, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 3644.
- 50S. Lim, N. Akther, V. H. Tran, T.-H. Bae, S. Phuntsho, A. Merenda, L. F. Dumée, H. K. Shon, Desalination 2020, 485, 114461.
- 51Y. Yin, Z. Li, X. Yang, L. Cao, C. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Wu, Z. Jiang, J. Power Sources 2016, 332, 265.
- 52H. Fan, M. Peng, I. Strauss, A. Mundstock, H. Meng, J. Caro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 6872.
- 53H. Fan, J. Gu, H. Meng, A. Knebel, J. Caro, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 4083.
- 54Y. Cheng, L. Zhai, Y. Ying, Y. Wang, G. Liu, J. Dong, D. Z. L. Ng, S. A. Khan, D. Zhao, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 4549.
- 55X. Yuan, Y. Wang, G. Deng, X. Zong, C. Zhang, S. Xue, Polym. Adv. Technol. 2019, 30, 417.
- 56H. Fan, Y. Xie, J. Li, L. Zhang, Q. Zheng, G. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 17602.
- 57M. Shan, B. Seoane, E. Rozhko, A. Dikhtiarenko, G. Clet, F. Kapteijn, J. Gascon, Chemistry 2016, 22, 14467.
- 58J. Dong, X. Li, S. B. Peh, Y. D. Yuan, Y. Wang, D. Ji, S. Peng, G. Liu, S. Ying, D. Yuan, J. Jiang, S. Ramakrishna, D. Zhao, Chem. Mater. 2018, 31, 146.
- 59Y. Wang, J. Li, Q. Yang, C. Zhong, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 8694.
- 60Y. Ying, D. Liu, J. Ma, M. Tong, W. Zhang, H. Huang, Q. Yang, C. Zhong, J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 13444.
- 61M. Wei, W. Zhou, F. Xu, Y. Wang, Small 2019, 16, 1903879.
10.1002/smll.201903879 Google Scholar
- 62B. P. Biswal, H. D. Chaudhari, R. Banerjee, U. K. Kharul, Chemistry 2016, 22, 4695.
- 63F. Pan, W. Guo, Y. Su, N. A. Khan, H. Yang, Z. Jiang, Sep. Purif. Technol. 2019, 215, 582.
- 64P. Wang, Y. Peng, C. Zhu, R. Yao, H. Song, L. Kun, W. Yang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 19047.
- 65H. S. Sasmal, H. B. Aiyappa, S. N. Bhange, S. Karak, A. Halder, S. Kurungot, R. Banerjee, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 10894.
- 66Y. Peng, G. Xu, Z. Hu, Y. Cheng, C. Chi, D. Yuan, H. Cheng, D. Zhao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 18505.
- 67T. Huang, H. Jiang, J. C. Douglin, Y. Chen, S. Yin, J. Zhang, X. Deng, H. Wu, Y. Yin, D. R. Dekel, M. D. Guiver, Z. Jiang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, 202209306.
- 68W. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Zhao, B. Li, H. Ma, J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 13331.
- 69Y. Ying, S. B. Peh, H. Yang, Z. Yang, D. Zhao, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2104946.
- 70C. Yang, L. Hou, Z. Yao, J. Zhao, L. Hou, L. Zhang, J. Membr. Sci. 2021, 640, 119800.
- 71B. H. Monjezi, K. Kutonova, M. Tsotsalas, S. Henke, A. Knebel, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 15153.
- 72Y. Zhang, L. Ma, Y. Lv, T. Tan, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 430, 133001.
- 73M. Di, L. Hu, L. Gao, X. Yan, W. Zheng, Y. Dai, X. Jiang, X. Wu, G. He, Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 399, 125833.
- 74X. Sun, M. Di, L. Gao, L. Hu, W. Zheng, X. Ruan, X. Yan, G. He, Desalination 2022, 542, 115976.
- 75S. Xia, M. Ni, T. Zhu, Y. Zhao, N. Li, Desalination 2015, 371, 78.
- 76L. Guo, L. Yang, M. Li, L. Kuang, Y. Song, L. Wang, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2021, 440, 213957.
- 77a) J. Li, X. Jing, Q. Li, S. Li, X. Gao, X. Feng, B. Wang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 3565; b) D. Rodriguez-San-Miguel, C. Montoro, F. Zamora, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 2291.
- 78G. Li, K. Zhang, T. Tsuru, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 8433.
- 79X. Shi, D. Ma, F. Xu, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, Chem. Sci. 2019, 11, 989.
- 80H. Yang, L. Yang, H. Wang, Z. Xu, Y. Zhao, Y. Luo, N. Nasir, Y. Song, H. Wu, F. Pan, Z. Jiang, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 2101.
- 81Y. Ying, M. Tong, S. Ning, S. K. Ravi, S. B. Peh, S. C. Tan, S. J. Pennycook, D. Zhao, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 4472.
- 82M. Di, X. Sun, L. Hu, L. Gao, J. Liu, X. Yan, X. Wu, X. Jiang, G. He, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2111594.
- 83D. Hao, J. Zhang, H. Lu, W. Leng, R. Ge, X. Dai, Y. Gao, Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 1462.
- 84Y. Wang, L. Ren, J. Wang, J. Zhao, Q.-B. Chen, J. Membr. Sci. 2022, 659, 120818.
- 85H. Fan, A. Mundstock, A. Feldhoff, A. Knebel, J. Gu, H. Meng, J. Caro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 10094.
- 86J. Shen, J. Yuan, B. Shi, X. You, R. Ding, T. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Deng, J. Guan, M. Long, Y. Zheng, R. Zhang, H. Wu, Z. Jiang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 23178.
- 87X. Lu, M. Elimelech, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 6290.
- 88H. Wang, Z. Zeng, P. Xu, L. Li, G. Zeng, R. Xiao, Z. Tang, D. Huang, L. Tang, C. Lai, D. Jiang, Y. Liu, H. Yi, L. Qin, S. Ye, X. Ren, W. Tang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 488.
- 89K. Dey, M. Pal, K. C. Rout, H. S. Kunjattu, A. Das, R. Mukherjee, U. K. Kharul, R. Banerjee, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 13083.
- 90a) A. K. Mohammed, A. A. Al Khoori, M. A. Addicoat, S. Varghese, I. Othman, M. A. Jaoude, K. Polychronopoulou, M. Baias, M. A. Haija, D. Shetty, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, 202200905; b) R. Lei, Z. Zha, Z. Hao, J. Wang, Z. Wang, S. Zhao, J. Membr. Sci. 2022, 650, 120431.
- 91M. Matsumoto, L. Valentino, G. M. Stiehl, H. B. Balch, A. R. Corcos, F. Wang, D. C. Ralph, B. J. Mariñas, W. R. Dichtel, Chem 2018, 4, 308.
- 92J. Liu, G. Han, D. Zhao, K. Lu, J. Gao, T. S. Chung, Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eabb1110.
- 93R. Shevate, D. L. Shaffer, ACS Nano 2022, 16, 2407.
- 94N. A. Khan, R. Zhang, H. Wu, J. Shen, J. Yuan, C. Fan, L. Cao, M. A. Olson, Z. Jiang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 13450.
- 95D. B. Shinde, G. Sheng, X. Li, M. Ostwal, A.-H. Emwas, K.-W. Huang, Z. Lai, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 14342.
- 96N. A. Khan, R. Zhang, X. Wang, L. Cao, C. S. Azad, C. Fan, J. Yuan, M. Long, H. Wu, M. A. Olson, Z. Jiang, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3169.
- 97L. Cao, H. Wu, Y. Cao, C. Fan, R. Zhao, X. He, P. Yang, B. Shi, X. You, Z. Jiang, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2005565.
- 98S. Zhao, C. Jiang, J. Fan, S. Hong, P. Mei, R. Yao, Y. Liu, S. Zhang, H. Li, H. Zhang, C. Sun, Z. Guo, P. Shao, Y. Zhu, J. Zhang, L. Guo, Y. Ma, J. Zhang, X. Feng, F. Wang, H. Wu, B. Wang, Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 1551.
- 99S. Kandambeth, B. P. Biswal, H. D. Chaudhari, K. C. Rout, S. Kunjattu H, S. Mitra, S. Karak, A. Das, R. Mukherjee, U. K. Kharul, R. Banerjee, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603945.
- 100R. Singh, D. Kim, Nano Energy 2022, 92, 106690.
- 101S. Hou, W. Ji, J. Chen, Y. Teng, L. Wen, L. Jiang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 9925.
- 102J. Duan, W. Jin, S. Kitagawa, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2017, 332, 48.
- 103S. Kim, H. Wang, Y. M. Lee, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 17512.
- 104J. Yao, H. Wang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 4470.
- 105S. Aydin, C. Altintas, S. Keskin, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 21738.
- 106H. Lu, C. Wang, J. Chen, R. Ge, W. Leng, B. Dong, J. Huang, Y. Gao, Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 15562.
- 107H. Fan, M. Peng, I. Strauss, A. Mundstock, H. Meng, J. Caro, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 38.
- 108C. A. Trickett, A. Helal, B. A. Al-Maythalony, Z. H. Yamani, K. E. Cordova, O. M. Yaghi, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, 17045.
- 109J. Á. Martín-Illán, J. A. Suárez, J. Gómez-Herrero, P. Ares, D. Gallego-Fuente, Y. Cheng, D. Zhao, D. Maspoch, F. Zamora, Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2104643.
- 110H. Fan, A. Mundstock, J. Gu, H. Meng, J. Caro, J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 16849.
- 111X. Liang, H. Wu, H. Huang, X. Wang, M. Wang, H. Dou, G. He, Y. Ren, Y. Liu, Y. Wu, S. Wang, H. Ge, C. Zhong, Y. Chen, Z. Jiang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 5420.
- 112W. Xin, Y. Qian, B. Niu, W. Chen, C. Zhu, X.-Y. Kong, L. Jiang, L. Wen, Mater. Today 2021, 51, 56.
- 113C. Yin, Z. Zhang, J. Zhou, Y. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 18944.
- 114J. Yao, C. Liu, X. Liu, J. Guo, S. Zhang, J. Zheng, S. Li, J. Membr. Sci. 2020, 601, 117864.
- 115R. Wang, X. Shi, A. Xiao, W. Zhou, Y. Wang, J. Membr. Sci. 2018, 566, 197.
- 116R. Wang, X. Shi, Z. Zhang, A. Xiao, S.-P. Sun, Z. Cui, Y. Wang, J. Membr. Sci. 2019, 586, 274.
- 117G. Wang, Y. Chen, C. Pan, H. Chen, S. Ding, X. Chen, J. Membr. Sci. 2022, 652, 120494.
- 118K. Zhang, Z. He, K. M. Gupta, J. Jiang, Environ. Sci. 2017, 3, 735.
- 119L.-C. Lin, J. Choi, J. C. Grossman, Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 14921.
- 120R. Wang, M. Wei, Y. Wang, J. Membr. Sci. 2020, 604, 118090.
- 121C. Liu, Y. Jiang, A. Nalaparaju, J. Jiang, A. Huang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 24205.
- 122C. Yin, S. Fang, X. Shi, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Membr. Sci. 2021, 618, 118727.
- 123A. Xiao, X. Shi, Z. Zhang, C. Yin, S. Xiong, Y. Wang, J. Membr. Sci. 2021, 624, 119122.
- 124M. Wang, P. Zhang, X. Liang, J. Zhao, Y. Liu, Y. Cao, H. Wang, Y. Chen, Z. Zhang, F. Pan, Z. Zhang, Z. Jiang, Nat. Sustainability 2022, 5, 518.
- 125Y. Zheng, J. Shen, J. Yuan, N. A. Khan, X. You, C. Yang, S. Zhang, A. El-Gendi, H. Wu, R. Zhang, Z. Jiang, Desalination 2022, 532, 115753.
- 126C. Zhang, B. H. Wu, M. Q. Ma, Z. Wang, Z. K. Xu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 3811.
- 127D. B. Shinde, L. Cao, A. D. D. Wonanke, X. Li, S. Kumar, X. Liu, M. N. Hedhili, A.-H. Emwas, M. Addicoat, K.-W. Huang, Z. Lai, Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, 5434.
- 128J. Yuan, X. You, N. A. Khan, R. Li, R. Zhang, J. Shen, L. Cao, M. Long, Y. Liu, Z. Xu, H. Wu, Z. Jiang, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3826.
- 129X. Shi, Z. Zhang, C. Yin, X. Zhang, J. Long, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, 202207559.
- 130Y. He, X. Lin, Y. Zhou, J. H. Chen, Z. Guo, H. Zhan, Chem. Mater. 2021, 33, 9413.
- 131H. Xu, S. Tao, D. Jiang, Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 722.
- 132S. Chandra, T. Kundu, S. Kandambeth, R. Babarao, Y. Marathe, S. M. Kunjir, R. Banerjee, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 6570.
- 133A. Mahringer, D. D. Medina, Nat. Chem. 2020, 12, 985.
- 134Y. Li, Q. Wu, X. Guo, M. Zhang, B. Chen, G. Wei, X. Li, X. Li, S. Li, L. Ma, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 599.
- 135L. Liu, L. Yin, D. Cheng, S. Zhao, H. Y. Zang, N. Zhang, G. Zhu, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 14875.
- 136C. Fan, H. Wu, J. Guan, X. You, C. Yang, X. Wang, L. Cao, B. Shi, Q. Peng, Y. Kong, Y. Wu, N. A. Khan, Z. Jiang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 18051.
- 137B. Shi, X. Pang, S. Li, H. Wu, J. Shen, X. Wang, C. Fan, L. Cao, T. Zhu, M. Qiu, Z. Yin, Y. Kong, Y. Liu, M. Zhang, Y. Liu, F. Pan, Z. Jiang, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 6666.
- 138F. Sheng, B. Wu, X. Li, T. Xu, M. A. Shehzad, X. Wang, L. Ge, H. Wang, T. Xu, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2104404.
- 139B. Niu, W. Xin, Y. Qian, X. Y. Kong, L. Jiang, L. Wen, Chem. Commun. 2022, 58, 5403.
- 140H. Wang, Y. Zhai, Y. Li, Y. Cao, B. Shi, R. Li, Z. Zhu, H. Jiang, Z. Guo, M. Wang, L. Chen, Y. Liu, K. G. Zhou, F. Pan, Z. Jiang, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 7123.
- 141L. Cao, X. Liu, D. B. Shinde, C. Chen, I. C. Chen, Z. Li, Z. Zhou, Z. Yang, Y. Han, Z. Lai, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, 202113141.
- 142L. Cao, I. C. Chen, Z. Li, X. Liu, M. Mubashir, R. A. Nuaimi, Z. Lai, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 7894.
- 143F. Xiao, Y. C. Wang, Z. P. Wu, G. Chen, F. Yang, S. Zhu, K. Siddharth, Z. Kong, A. Lu, J. C. Li, C. J. Zhong, Z. Y. Zhou, M. Shao, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2006292.
- 144J. Chen, P. Li, N. Zhang, S. Tang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 7146.
- 145Z. Zhang, X. Y. Kong, K. Xiao, Q. Liu, G. Xie, P. Li, J. Ma, Y. Tian, L. Wen, L. Jiang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 14765.
- 146W. Xin, L. Jiang, L. Wen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, 202207369.
- 147W. Xin, L. Jiang, L. Wen, Acc. Chem. Res. 2021, 54, 4154.
- 148L. Cao, I. C. Chen, X. Liu, Z. Li, Z. Zhou, Z. Lai, ACS Nano 2022, 16, 18910.
- 149L. Cao, I. C. Chen, C. Chen, D. B. Shinde, X. Liu, Z. Li, Z. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Han, Z. Lai, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 12400.
- 150C. Zhang, T. Xiao, B. Lu, J. He, Y. Wang, J. Zhai, Small 2022, 18, 2107600.
- 151J. Yang, B. Tu, G. Zhang, P. Liu, K. Hu, J. Wang, Z. Yan, Z. Huang, M. Fang, J. Hou, Q. Fang, X. Qiu, L. Li, Z. Tang, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022, 17, 622.
- 152Y. Cao, H. Wu, G. Li, C. Liu, L. Cao, Y. Zhang, W. Bao, H. Wang, Y. Yao, S. Liu, F. Pan, Z. Jiang, J. Sun, Nano Lett. 2021, 21, 2997.
- 153X. Deng, Y. Li, L. Li, S. Qiao, D. Lei, X. Shi, F. Zhang, Nanotechnology 2021, 32, 275708.
- 154K. Sun, C. Wang, Y. Dong, P. Guo, P. Cheng, Y. Fu, D. Liu, D. He, S. Das, Y. Negishi, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 4079.
