Volume 17, Issue 1 1900060

FULL PAPER

Low-temperature plasma-activated medium inhibited invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Jin-Ren Liu,

Jin-Ren Liu

orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-1612

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Ling-Ge Gao,

Ling-Ge Gao

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yue-Ming Wu,

Yue-Ming Wu

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Gui-Min Xu,

Gui-Min Xu

orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-5446

School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yan Ma,

Yan Ma

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yue Hao,

Yue Hao

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Xing-Min Shi,

Corresponding Author

Xing-Min Shi

[email protected]

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Correspondence Xing-Min Shi, Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061 Shaanxi, China.

Email: [email protected]

Guan-Jun Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi, China.

Email: [email protected]

Search for more papers by this author

Guan-Jun Zhang,

Corresponding Author

Guan-Jun Zhang

[email protected]

State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Correspondence Xing-Min Shi, Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061 Shaanxi, China.

Email: [email protected]

Guan-Jun Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi, China.

Email: [email protected]

Search for more papers by this author

Jin-Ren Liu,

Jin-Ren Liu

orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-1612

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Ling-Ge Gao,

Ling-Ge Gao

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yue-Ming Wu,

Yue-Ming Wu

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Gui-Min Xu,

Gui-Min Xu

orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-5446

School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yan Ma,

Yan Ma

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Yue Hao,

Yue Hao

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Search for more papers by this author

Xing-Min Shi,

Corresponding Author

Xing-Min Shi

[email protected]

Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Correspondence Xing-Min Shi, Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061 Shaanxi, China.

Email: [email protected]

Guan-Jun Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi, China.

Email: [email protected]

Search for more papers by this author

Guan-Jun Zhang,

Corresponding Author

Guan-Jun Zhang

[email protected]

State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Correspondence Xing-Min Shi, Medical Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061 Shaanxi, China.

Email: [email protected]

Guan-Jun Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 Shaanxi, China.

Email: [email protected]

Search for more papers by this author

First published: 20 September 2019

https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201900060

Citations: 12

Share a link

Email
Wechat
Bluesky

Abstract

Low-temperature plasma (LTP) has shown promising and potential applications in the field of biomedicine. The effects of the plasma-activated medium (PAM) inhibiting tumor cell invasion and metastasis have been verified, but the associated molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify the anti-invasion and antimetastasis effects and mechanism induced by PAM on B16 melanoma cells cultured in vitro. For this purpose, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet in helium was applied to generate PAM to treat B16 cells. Cell invasion and migration assays showed that PAM exerted an inhibitory effect on B16 cell invasion and migration in a time-dependent manner. Then, detection of the invasion- and metastasis-related proteins, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, CD44, and E-cadherin, showed that their changes accorded with the invasion and metastasis of the PAM-treated B16 cells. Furthermore, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins in PAM-treated cells were measured, and the pathway was found to be suppressed by PAM. Finally, numerous specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers were applied to eliminate LTP-induced ROS in PAM, and it was revealed that H₂O₂ played a critical role in these processes. These findings demonstrated that PAM exerted anti-invasion and antimetastasis effects on B16 cells mainly by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which consequently decreased the expressions of MMP-9, MMP-2, and CD44 via H₂O₂.

REFERENCES

1A. Bogaerts, E. Neyts, R. Gijbels, J. van der Mullen, Spectrochim. Acta. Part B 2002, 57, 609.
10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00406-2
Web of Science® Google Scholar
2M. Laroussi, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2009, 37, 714.
10.1109/TPS.2009.2017267
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
3M. Laroussi, Plasma Process. Polym. 2005, 2, 391.
10.1002/ppap.200400078
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
4M. Miletić, S. Mojsilović, I. Okić đorđević, D. Maletić, N. Puač, S. Lazović, G. Malović, P. Milenković, Z. Lj petrović, D. Bugarski, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2013, 46, 1.
10.1088/0022-3727/46/34/345401
Web of Science® Google Scholar
5S. U. Kalghatgi, G. Fridman, M. Cooper, G. Nagaraj, M. Peddinghaus, M. Balasubramanian, V. N. Vasilets, A. F. Gutsol, A. Fridman, G. Friedman, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2007, 35, 1559.
10.1109/TPS.2007.905953
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
6G. M. Xu, X. M. Shi, J. F. Cai, S. L. Chen, P. Li, C. W. Yao, Z. S. Chang, G. J. Zhang, Wound Repair Regen. 2015, 23, 878.
10.1111/wrr.12364
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
7D. Y. Yan, J. H. Sherman, M. Keidar, Oncotarget 2016, 8, 15977.
10.18632/oncotarget.13304
Web of Science® Google Scholar
8M. Keidar, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 2015, 24.
Google Scholar
9O. Volotskova, T. S. Hawley, M. A. Stepp, M. Keidar, Sci. Rep. 2012, 2, 636.
10.1038/srep00636
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
10N. Barekzi, M. Laroussi, Plasma Process. Polym. 2013, 10, 1039.
10.1002/ppap.201300083
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
11M. Laroussi, Plasma Process. Polym. 2015, 11, 1138.
10.1002/ppap.201400152
Web of Science® Google Scholar
12C. H. Kim, J. H. Bahn, S. H. Lee, G. Y. Kim, S. I. Jun, K. Lee, S. J. Baek, J. Biotechnol. 2010, 150, 530.
10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.003
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
13J. Y. Kim, Y. Wei, J. Li, S. O. Kim, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 555.
10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.043
Web of Science® Google Scholar
14J. W. Chang, S. U. Kang, Y. S. Shin, K. I. Kim, S. J. Seo, S. S. Yang, J. S. Lee, E. Moon, K. Lee, C. H. Kim, PLOS One 2014, 9, e92198.
10.1371/journal.pone.0092198
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
15W. Li, K. N. Yu, L. Bao, J. Shen, C. Cheng, W. Han, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 19720.
10.1038/srep19720
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
16H. Tanaka, M. Mizuno, K. Ishikawa, K. Nakamura, H. Kajiyama, H. Kano, F. Kikkawa, Plasma Med. 2011, 1, 265.
10.1615/PlasmaMed.2012006275
Google Scholar
17T. Sato, M. Yokoyama, K. Johkura, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2011, 44, 372001.
10.1088/0022-3727/44/37/372001
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
18A. Azzariti, R. M. Iacobazzi, R. Di fonte, L. Porcelli, R. Gristina, P. Favia, F. Fracassi, I. trizio, N. Silvestris, G. Guida, S. Tommasi, E. Sardella, Sci. Rep. UK 2019, 9, 4099.
10.1038/s41598-019-40637-z
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
19J. R. Liu, Y. M. Wu, G. M. Xu, L. G. Gao, Y. Ma, X. M. Shi, G. J. Zhang, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2019, 52, 315204.
10.1088/1361-6463/ab1ca9
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
20T. Adachi, S. Nonomura, M. Horiba, T. Hirayama, T. Kamiya, H. Nagasawa, H. Hara, Sci. Rep. UK 2016, 6, 20928.
10.1038/srep20928
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
21N. Kumar, J. H. Park, S. N. Jeon, B. S. Park, E. H. Choi, P. Attri, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2016, 49, 115401.
10.1088/0022-3727/49/11/115401
Web of Science® Google Scholar
22H. Yang, R. Lu, Y. Xian, L. Gan, X. Lu, X. Yang, Phys. Plasmas 2015, 22, 122006.
10.1063/1.4933405
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
23F. Utsumi, H. Kajiyama, K. Nakamura, H. Tanaka, M. Mizuno, K. Ishikawa, H. Kondo, H. Kano, M. Hori, F. Kikkawa, PLOS One 2013, 8, e81576.
10.1371/journal.pone.0081576
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
24J. Chauvin, F. Judee, N. Merbahi, P. Vicendo, Anti-Cancer Agent Med. Chem. 2018, 18, 776.
10.2174/1871520617666170801111055
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
25J. Duan, X. Lu, G. He, J. Appl. Phys. 2017, 121, 13302.
10.1063/1.4973484
Web of Science® Google Scholar
26K. R. Liedtke, S. Bekeschus, A. Kaeding, C. Hackbarth, J. P. Kuehn, C. D. Heidecke, W. von Bernstorff, T. von Woedtke, L. I. Partecke, Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 8319.
10.1038/s41598-017-08560-3
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
27D. Yan, J. H. Sherman, X. Cheng, E. Ratovitski, J. Canady, M. Keidar, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 224101.
10.1063/1.4902875
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
28D. Yan, A. Talbot, N. Nourmohammadi, X. Cheng, J. Canady, J. Sherman, M. Keidar, Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 18339.
10.1038/srep18339
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
29S. Mohades, N. Barekzi, H. Razavi, V. Maruthamuthu, M. Laroussi, Plasma Process. Polym. 2016, 13, 1206.
10.1002/ppap.201600118
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
30D. Yan, N. Nourmohammadi, K. Bian, F. Murad, J. H. Sherman, M. Keidar, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 26016.
10.1038/srep26016
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
31T. Adachi, H. Tanaka, S. Nonomura, H. Hara, S. Kondo, M. Hori, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2015, 79, 28.
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.014
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
32F. Judée, C. Fongia, B. Ducommun, M. Yousfi, V. Lobjois, N. Merbahi, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 21421.
10.1038/srep21421
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
33P. M. Girard, A. Arbabian, M. Fleury, G. Bauville, V. Puech, M. Dutreix, J. S. Sousa, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 29098.
10.1038/srep29098
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
34N. Kurake, H. Tanaka, K. Ishikawa, T. Kondo, M. Sekine, K. Nakamura, H. Kajiyama, F. Kikkawa, M. Mizuno, M. Hori, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2016, 605, 102.
10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.011
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
35D. Boehm, C. Heslin, P. J. Cullen, P. Bourke, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 21464.
10.1038/srep21464
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
36P. Polakis, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2007, 17, 45.
10.1016/j.gde.2006.12.007
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
37A. Klaus, W. Birchmeier, Nat. Rev. Cancer 2008, 8, 387.
10.1038/nrc2389
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
38P. J. Morin, BioEssays 2015, 21, 1021.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199912)22:1<1021::AID-BIES6>3.0.CO;2-P
Web of Science® Google Scholar
39B. Wu, S. P. Crampton, C. C. W. Hughes, Immunity 2007, 26, 227.
10.1016/j.immuni.2006.12.007
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
40E. C. McGary, D. C. Lev, M. Bareli, Cancer Biol. Ther. 2002, 1, 459.
10.4161/cbt.1.5.158
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
41V. J. M. Wielenga, R. Smits, V. Korinek, L. Smit, M. Kielman, R. Fodde, H. Clevers, S. T. Pals, Am. J. Pathol. 1999, 154, 515.
10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65297-2
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
42M. A. Huber, N. Kraut, H. Beug, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2005, 17, 548.
10.1016/j.ceb.2005.08.001
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
43E. I. Deryugina, J. P. Quigley, Cancer Metastat. Rev. 2006, 25, 9.
10.1007/s10555-006-7886-9
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
44R. Marhaba, M. Zöller, J. Mol. Histol. 2004, 35, 211.
10.1023/B:HIJO.0000032354.94213.69
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
45N. Pećina-Šlaus, Cancer Cell. Int. 2003, 3, 17.
10.1186/1475-2867-3-17
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
46E. Sysolyatina, M. Vasiliev, M. Kurnaeva, I. Kornienko, O. Petrov, V. Fortov, A. Gintsburg, E. Petersen, S. Ermolaeva, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2016, 49, 294002.
10.1088/0022-3727/49/29/294002
Web of Science® Google Scholar
47J. R. Liu, G. M. Xu, X. M. Shi, G. J. Zhang, Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 11698.
10.1038/s41598-017-12043-w
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
48P. Brun, S. Pathak, I. Castagliuolo, G. Palù, P. Brun, M. Zuin, R. Cavazzana, E. Martines, PLOS One 2014, 15, 9.
Google Scholar
49A. Schmidt, K. Wende, S. Bekeschus, L. Bundscherer, A. Barton, K. Ottmüller, K. D. Weltmann, K. Masur, Free Radic. Res. 2013, 47, 577.
10.3109/10715762.2013.804623
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
50W. Song, E. Wang, Y. Gao, Q. Wu, S. Rao, H. Wang, L. Bao, Plasma Process. Polym. 2018, 15, e1600249.
10.1002/ppap.201600249
Web of Science® Google Scholar
51T. Adachi, H. Tanaka, S. Nonomura, H. Hara, S. Kondo, M. Hori, Free Radic. Bio. Med. 2015, 79, 28.
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.014
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
52J. W. Chang, S. U. Kang, Y. S. Shin, K. I. Kim, S. J. Seo, S. S. Yang, J. S. Lee, E. Moon, S. J. Baek, K. Lee, C. H. Kim, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2014, 545, 133.
10.1016/j.abb.2014.01.022
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
53G. M. Xu, J. R. Liu, Y. M. Wu, X. M. Shi, G. J. Zhang, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2018, 46, 2805.
10.1109/TPS.2018.2856122
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
54D. B. Graves, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2012, 45, 263001.
10.1088/0022-3727/45/26/263001
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
55S. Curran, G. I. Murray, J. Pathol. 1999, 189, 300.
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199911)189:3<300::AID-PATH456>3.0.CO;2-C
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
56W. Kim, K. C. Woo, G. C. Kim, K. T. Kim, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2011, 44, 013001.
10.1088/0022-3727/44/1/013001
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
57A. R. Nelson, B. Fingleton, M. L. Rothenberg, L. M. Matrisian, J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18, 1135.
10.1200/JCO.2000.18.5.1135
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
58U. B. Hofmann, J. R. Westphal, G. N. P. van Muijen, D. J. Ruiter, J. Invest. Dermatol. 2000, 115, 337.
10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00068.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
59U. B. Hofmann, J. R. Westphal, A. A. van Kraats, D. J. Ruiter, G. N. van Muijen, Int. J. Cancer 2000, 87, 12.
10.1002/1097-0215(20000701)87:1<12::AID-IJC3>3.0.CO;2-A
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
60U. B. Hofmann, J. R. Westphal, E. T. Waas, A. J. W. Zendman, I. M. H. A. Cornelissen, D. J. Ruiter, G. N. P. Muijen, Br. J. Cancer 1999, 81, 774.
10.1038/sj.bjc.6690763
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
61P. Redondo, P. Lloret, M. Idoate, Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2005, 30, 541.
10.1111/j.1365-2230.2005.01849.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
62N. S. Penneys, S. Shapiro, J. Cutan. Pathol. 1994, 21, 22.
10.1111/j.1600-0560.1994.tb00686.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
63E. Manten-Horst, E. H. J. Danen, L. Smit, M. Snoek, I. L. Caroline poole, G. N. P. van Muijen, S. T. Pals, D. J. Ruiter, Int. J. Cancer 1995, 64, 182.
10.1002/ijc.2910640307
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
64W. Birchmeier, J. Behrens, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1994, 1198, 11.
10.1016/0304-419X(94)90003-5
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
65J. Behrens, M. M. Mareel, F. M. van Roy, W. Birchmeier, J. Cell Bio. 1989, 108, 2435.
10.1083/jcb.108.6.2435
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
66J. N. Anastas, R. T. Moon, Nat. Rev. Cancer 2013, 13, 11.
10.1038/nrc3419
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
67J. D. Brown-Clay, D. N. Shenoy, O. Timofeeva, B. V. Kallakury, A. K. Nandi, P. P. Banerjee, Oncotarget 2015, 6, 15594.
10.18632/oncotarget.3709
PubMed Google Scholar
68N. Kumar, P. Attri, D. K. Yadav, J. Choi, E. H. Choi, H. S. Uhm, Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 7589.
10.1038/srep07589
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
69R. Li, S. Erdamar, H. Dai, M. Sayeeduddin, A. Frolov, T. M. Wheeler, G. E. Ayala, Anticancer Res. 2009, 29, 2077.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
70M. Nishikawa, Cancer Lett. 2008, 266, 53.
10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.031
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
71D. Hoogeboom, M. A. G. Essers, P. E. Polderman, E. Voets, L. M. M. Smits, B. M. T. Burgering, J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283, 9224.
10.1074/jbc.M706638200
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
72S. Y. Shin, B. R. Chin, Y. H. Lee, J. H. Kim, Cell Signal. 2006, 18, 601.
10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.06.001
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
73Y. Funato, T. Michiue, M. Asashima, H. Miki, Nat. Cell Biol. 2006, 8, 501.
10.1038/ncb1405
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
74M. Almeida, L. Han, M. Martin-Millan, C. A. O'Brien, S. C. Manolagas, J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 27298.
10.1074/jbc.M702811200
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
75S. Y. Shin, C. G. Kim, E. H. Jho, M. S. Rho, Y. S. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. H. Lee, Cancer Lett. 2004, 212, 225.
10.1016/j.canlet.2004.03.003
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
76Y. J. Lee, H. J. Han, Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 2010, 298.
Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Volume17, Issue1

January 2020

1900060

Low-temperature plasma-activated medium inhibited invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Abstract

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Low-temperature plasma-activated medium inhibited invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Abstract

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information