PCB research results derive from a false belief system: You've come the wrong way, baby!
Corresponding Author
Domenic V. Cicchetti
Yale Child Study Center
Yale Home Office, 94 Linsley Lake Road, North Branford, CT 06471. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Domenic V. Cicchetti
Yale Child Study Center
Yale Home Office, 94 Linsley Lake Road, North Branford, CT 06471. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
In this paper we address the points raised by groups of scientists who were invited to respond to our initial critique of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) research in this special issue. In that article, we applied six objective criteria to more than two decades of published PCB research and concluded that much of the research was badly flawed. The PCB researchers responded to our criticisms by stating that our criteria are either irrelevant or require major revision to be applicable to health areas of research. In response, we know of no methodologic criteria or laws of probability that apply solely to toxicology research. Although we support strong environmental regulations, such should be based upon solid scientific evidence rather than upon methodologically flawed research and false belief systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 715–723, 2004.
REFERENCES
- Abelson, R.P. ( 1995). Statistics as principled argument. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Bayley, N. ( 1993). Bayley Scales of Infant Development ( 2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
-
Borenstein, M. (
1998).
The shift from significance testing to effect size estimation. In
A.S. Bellak &
M. Hersen (Series Eds.) &
N. Schooler (Vol. Ed.),
Research and methods: Comprehensive clinical psychology (vol. 3, pp. 313–349).
New York:
Pergamon.
10.1016/B0080-4270(73)00209-1 Google Scholar
- Cicchetti, D.V. ( 1985). A critique of Whitehurst's “Interrater agreement for journal manuscript reviews”: De omnibus disputandum est. American Psychologist, 40, 563–568.
- Cicchetti, D.V., Kaufman, A.S., & Sparrow, S.S. ( 2004). The relationship between prenatal and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cognitive, neuropsychological, and behavioral deficits: A critical appraisal. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 589–624.
- Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., & Aiken, L.S. ( 2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences ( 3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Cook-Cottone, C. ( 2004). Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Implications for school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 709–714.
- Coscia, J.M., Ris, M.D., Succop, P.A., & Dietrich, K.N. ( 2003). Cognitive development of lead exposed children from ages 6 to 15 years: An application of growth curve analysis. Child Neuropsychology, 9, 10–21.
- Ernhardt, C.B., Morrow-Tlucak, M.M., Wolf, A.W., Super, D., & Drotar, D. ( 1989). Low-level lead exposure in the prenatal and early preschool periods: Intelligence prior to school entry. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 11, 161–170.
- Fein, G.G., Jacobson, J.L., Jacobson, S.W., Schwartz, P.M., & Dowler, J.K. ( 1984). Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: Effects on birth size and gestational age. Journal of Pediatrics, 105, 315–320.
-
Fleiss, J.L.,
Levin, B., &
Paik, M.C. (
2003).
Statistical methods for rates and proportions ( 3rd ed.).
New York:
Wiley.
10.1002/0471445428 Google Scholar
- Hebben, N. ( 2004). Commentary on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), toxins, and neuropsychological deficits: Good science is the antidote. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 681–685.
- Jaccard, J., & Becker, M.A. ( 1990). Statistics for the behavioral sciences ( 2nd ed.). New York: Wadsworth.
- Jacobson, J.L., Fein, G.G., Jacobson, S.W., Schwartz, P.M., & Dowler, J.K. ( 1985). Factors and clusters for the Brazelton Scale: An investigation of the dimensions of neonatal behavior. Developmental Psychology, 20, 339–353.
- Jacobson, J.L., & Jacobson, S.W. ( 2004). Prospective studies of exposure to an environmental contaminant: The challenge of hypothesis testing in a multivariate correlational context. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 625–637.
- Kaufman, A.S. ( 2001). How dangerous are low (not moderate or high) doses of lead for children's intellectual development? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 403–431.
- Kaufman, A.S., & Kaufman, N.L. ( 1993). Kaufman Survey of Early Academic and Language Skills (K-SEALS). Circle Pines, MN: AGS Publishing.
- Lonky, E., Reihmen, J., Darvill, T., Mather, J., Sr., & Daly, H. ( 1996). Neonatal behavioral assessment scale performance in humans influenced by maternal consumption of environmentally contaminated Lake Ontario fish. Journal Great Lakes Research, 22, 198–212.
-
Reynolds, C.R. (
1999).
The inference of causality between smoking and low birth weight: Good science or good politics.
Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 1, 55–87.
10.1300/J151v01n02_05 Google Scholar
- Rice, D.C. ( 2004). Evidence for neuropsychological effects of PCBs in environmental studies: Getting better all the time. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 693–707.
- Schantz, S.L., Widholm, J.J., & Rice, D.C. ( 2003). Effects of PCB exposure on neuropsychological function in children. Environmental Health Perspectives: Children's Health Review, 111, 357–376.
- Schell, J.D.J., Budinsky, R.A., & Wernke, M.J. ( 2001). PCBs and neurodevelopmental effects in Michigan children: An evaluation of exposure and dose characterization. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 33, 300–312.
- SIGN 50. ( 2001). A guideline developer's handbook: Methodology checklist 3: Cohort studies. Edinburgh, Scotland: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.
- Sparrow, S.S., Balla, D.A., & Cicchetti, D.V. ( 1984). The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: A revision of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
- Stewart, P., Reihman, J., Lonky, E., Darvill, T., & Pagano, J. ( 2004). Prenatal PCB exposure and neurobehavioral development in infants and children: Can the Oswego study inform the current debate? Psychology in the Schools, 41, 639–653.
- Taylor, G.H., Burant, C.J., Holding, P.A., Klein, N., & Hack, M. ( 2003). Sources of variability in sequelae of very low birthweight. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 163–178.
- Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Vreugdenhil, H.J.I., & Mulder, P.G.H. ( 2004). Reply to Cicchetti, Kaufman, and Sparrow. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 665–668.
- Winneke, G., Bucholski, A., Heinzow, B., Kraemer, U., Schmidt, E., Walkowiak, J., et al. ( 1998). Developmental neurotoxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Cognitive and psychomotor functions in 7-month old children. Toxicology Letters, 102–103, 423–428.
- Winneke, G., Walkowiak, J., & Kraemer, U. ( 2004). Strong opinions are no substitute for balanced arguments: Comments on Cicchetti, Kaufman, and Sparrow's critical appraisal of PCB cohort studies. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 655–663.