CORE CURRICULUM
The role of rivaroxaban for patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease in the modern era
Joshua C. Vogt MD,
Patrick G. Manning MD,
Omar Sheikh MD,
Herbert D. Aronow MD, MPH,
Robert J. Chilton DO,
Joaquin E. Cigarroa MD,
Joshua C. Vogt MD
Division of Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick G. Manning MD
Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorOmar Sheikh MD
Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHerbert D. Aronow MD, MPH
Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRobert J. Chilton DO
Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Joaquin E. Cigarroa MD
Division of Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Correspondence
Joaquin E. Cigarroa MD, Division Head of Cardiology, Clinical Chief of Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Director of interventional cardiology fellowship, Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJoshua C. Vogt MD,
Patrick G. Manning MD,
Omar Sheikh MD,
Herbert D. Aronow MD, MPH,
Robert J. Chilton DO,
Joaquin E. Cigarroa MD,
Joshua C. Vogt MD
Division of Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick G. Manning MD
Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorOmar Sheikh MD
Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHerbert D. Aronow MD, MPH
Division of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRobert J. Chilton DO
Division of Cardiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Joaquin E. Cigarroa MD
Division of Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Correspondence
Joaquin E. Cigarroa MD, Division Head of Cardiology, Clinical Chief of Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Director of interventional cardiology fellowship, Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 08 July 2020
REFERENCES
- 1Reitsma S, Slaaf DW, Vink H, van Zandvoort MAMJ, oude Egbrink MGA. The endothelial glycocalyx: composition, functions, and visualization. Pflügers Archiv Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2007; 454(3): 345-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-007-0212-8.
- 2Sieve I, Munster-Kuhnel AK, Hilfiker-Kleiner D. Regulation and function of endothelial glycocalyx layer in vascular diseases. Vasc Pharmacol. 2018; 100: 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2017.09.002.
- 3Dai J, Xing L, Jia H, et al. In vivo predictors of plaque erosion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a clinical, angiographical, and intravascular optical coherence tomography study. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(22): 2077-2085. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy101.
- 4Davì G, Patrono C. Platelet activation and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(24): 2482-2494. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra071014.
- 5 Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration, Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009; 373(9678): 1849-1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1.
- 6Bhatt DL, Fox KAA, Hacke W, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(16): 1706-1717. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa060989.
- 7Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(7): 494-502. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010746.
- 8Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(11): 1045-1057. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0904327.
- 9Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(20): 2001-2015. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706482.
- 10Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(15): 1503-1516. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070829.
- 11Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, et al. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367(25): 2375-2384. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1211585.
- 12Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(19): 1791-1800. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500857.
- 13Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, et al. Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(15): 1395-1407. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915922.
- 14Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, et al. A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(3): 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1002358.
- 15Shi M, Huang J, Sun X, et al. Effect of rivaroxaban on the injury during endotoxin-induced damage to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2019; 31(4): 468-473. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2019.04.019.
- 16Anand SS, Yusuf S. Oral anticoagulants in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41(suppl 4): S62-S69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02776-6.
- 17Mauri L, Kereiakes DJ, Yeh RW, et al. Twelve or 30 months of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(23): 2155-2166. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1409312.
- 18Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Simon T, et al. Ticagrelor in patients with stable coronary disease and diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381(14): 1309-1320. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1908077.
- 19Hansen ML, Sørensen R, Clausen MT, et al. Risk of bleeding with single, dual, or triple therapy with warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170(16): 1433-1441. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.271.
- 20Dewilde WJ, Oirbans T, Verheugt FW, et al. Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2013; 381(9872): 1107-1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62177-1.
- 21Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, et al. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011; 366(1): 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112277.
- 22Alexander JH, Lopes RD, James S, et al. Apixaban with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(8): 699-708. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1105819.
- 23Gibson CM, Mehran R, Bode C, et al. Prevention of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(25): 2423-2434. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611594.
- 24Mahaffey KW, Stevens SR, White HD, et al. Ischaemic cardiac outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with vitamin K antagonism or factor Xa inhibition: results from the ROCKET AF trial. Eur Hear J. 2014; 35(4): 233-241. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht428.
- 25Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(14): 1319-1330. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709118.
- 26Connolly SJ, Eikelboom JW, Bosch J, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable coronary artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018; 391(10117): 205-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32458-3.
- 27Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Mas JL, et al. Three-year follow-up and event rates in the international reduction of atherothrombosis for continued health registry. Eur Heart J. 2009; 30(19): 2318-2326. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp355.
- 28 Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration. Ankle brachial index combined with framingham risk score to predict. JAMA. 2008; 300(2): 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.2.197.
- 29Olin JW, White CJ, Armstrong EJ, Kadian-Dodov D, Hiatt WR. Peripheral artery disease: evolving role of exercise, medical therapy, and endovascular options. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 67(11): 1338-1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.049.
- 30Baigent C, Sudlow C, Collins R, Peto R. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. Br Med J. 2002; 324(7329): 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71.
- 31Krantz MJ, Kittelson JM, Hiatt WR. Clinician' s corner aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular events. 2015; 301(18): 1909-1919.
- 32Catalano M, Pilger E, Pabst E, et al. Prevention of serious vascular events by aspirin amongst patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized, double-blind trial. J Intern Med. 2007; 261(3): 276-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01763.x.
- 33Brass EP, Hiatt WR. Aspirin monotherapy should not be recommended for cardioprotection in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2017; 136(9): 785-786. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028888.
- 34Fowkes FGR, Price JF, Stewart MCW, et al. Aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events in a general population screened for a low ankle brachial index: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2010; 303(9): 841-848. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.221.
- 35Gent M. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996; 348(9038): 1329-1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09457-3.
- 36Cacoub PP, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Topol EJ, Creager MA. Patients with peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. Eur Heart J. 2009; 30(2): 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn534.
- 37Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2017; 135(12): e686-e725. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000470.
- 38Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MLEL, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the european society for vascular surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(9): 763-816. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095.
- 39Anand S. The effects of oral anticoagulants in patients with peripheral arterial disease: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the warfarin and antiplatelet vascular evaluation (WAVE) trial, including a meta-analysis of trials. Am Heart J. 2006; 151(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.021.
- 40Anand S, Yusuf S, Xie C, et al. Oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(3): 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa065959.
- 41Johnson WC, Williford WO. Benefits, morbidity, and mortality associated with long-term administration of oral anticoagulant therapy to patients peripheral arterial bypass procedures: a prospective randomized study. J Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 35(3): 413-421. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2002.121847.
10.1067/mva.2002.121847 Google Scholar
- 42Tangelder MJD, Algra A, Lawson JA, Eikelboom BC. Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (the dutch bypass oral anticoagulants or aspirin study): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000; 355(9201): 346-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07199-8.
- 43Narula N, Dannenberg AJ, Olin JW, et al. Pathology of peripheral artery disease in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72(18): 2152-2163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.002.
- 44Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(10): 883-891. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638.
- 45Jones WS, Hellkamp AS, Halperin J, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with peripheral artery disease and non-valvular atrial fibrillation: insights from ROCKET AF. Eur Heart J. 2014; 35(4): 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht492.
- 46Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation for the ARISTOTLE committees and investigators* abstact. N Engl J Med. 2011; 11(15): 981-992. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039.
- 47Hu PT, Lopes RD, Stevens SR, et al. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004699.
- 48Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018; 391(10117): 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32409-1.
- 49Anand SS, Caron F, Eikelboom JW, et al. Major adverse limb events and mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease: the COMPASS trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71(20): 2306-2315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.008.
- 50Braunwald E. An important step for thrombocardiology. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(14): 1387-1388. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe1710241.
- 51Boden WE, Bhatt DL. Will COMPASS point to a new direction in thrombotic risk reduction in patients with stable cardiovascular disease? Circulation. 2018; 138(9): 858-860. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035405.
- 52Tangelder MJD, Nwachuku CE, Jaff M, et al. A review of antithrombotic therapy and the rationale and design of the randomized edoxaban in patients with peripheral artery disease (ePAD) trial adding edoxaban or clopidogrel to aspirin after femoropopliteal endovascular intervention. J Endovasc Ther. 2015; 22(2): 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526602815574687.
- 53Moll F, Baumgartner I, Jaff M, et al. edoxaban plus aspirin vs dual antiplatelet therapy in endovascular treatment of patients with peripheral artery disease: results of the ePAD trial. J Endovasc Ther. 2018; 25(2): 158-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526602818760488.
- 54Capell WH, Bonaca MP, Nehler MR, et al. Rationale and design for the vascular outcomes study of ASA along with rivaroxaban in endovascular or surgical limb revascularization for peripheral artery disease (VOYAGER PAD). Am Heart J. 2018; 199(2018): 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2018.01.011.
- 55Urban P, Mehran R, Colleran R, et al. Defining high bleeding risk in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a consensus document from the academic research consortium for high bleeding risk. Eur Heart J. 2019; 40(31): 2632-2653. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz372.
