Volume 64, Issue 28 e202505907
Research Article

Bromide as Noninnocent Ligand to Iron Tames Fenton Chemistry for Chemoselective Nondegrading Oxidation

Guodong Zhao

Corresponding Author

Guodong Zhao

School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488 China

Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutics of Chinese Materia Medica and New Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China

These authors contributed equally to this work.

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

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Kang Xue

Kang Xue

School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488 China

These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Huiling Dong

Huiling Dong

School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488 China

These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Shaoyan Lou

Shaoyan Lou

School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488 China

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Xiaohui Zhang

Xiaohui Zhang

School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488 China

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Zhuo Cao

Zhuo Cao

School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488 China

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Bingqing Yi

Corresponding Author

Bingqing Yi

School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488 China

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

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Rongbiao Tong

Corresponding Author

Rongbiao Tong

Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

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First published: 30 April 2025

Graphical Abstract

We report for the first time that the bromide ion, acting as a non-N-ligand in iron complexes with the tridentate N-ligand bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (BMPA), which is traditionally used in Fenton chemistry to degrade organic compounds, tames Fenton chemistry and enables chemo-selective, nondegrading oxidation reactions. This discovery of the bromide effect bridges the gap between Fenton chemistry and haloperoxidase-catalyzed halogenation, potentially inspiring further investigation into the “innocent” ligands of iron complexes for new reactivity and applications. The overlooked inorganic anion may be exploited in other catalytic systems.

Abstract

It has long been the chemistry dogma that the nitrogen-based ligand of iron complexes determines the redox reactivity; tetra- and/or pentadentate nitrogen-based ligand (N-ligand: PDP, porphyrin, N4Py) enables chemo-selective oxidation through high-valent iron species (FeIV/V═O), while bi- and/or tridentate N-ligand leads to the generation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) (i.e., hydroxyl radical) via a Fenton chemistry pathway. The effect of inorganic anionic ligands (i.e., halides, pseudohalides, triflate, nitrate, sulfate, etc) of these iron complexes has rarely been examined and overlooked as an “innocent” anion. Herein, we report our discovery that bromide (Br) is not an innocent ligand to the iron-BPMA complexes [BMPA: bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine] but a decisive factor for taming the Fenton chemistry (ROS) into a mild [HOBr] oxidant, which allows for chemo- and regioselective oxidation of furans, indoles, and sulfides without noticeable degradation. In contrast to the conventional Fenton chemistry pathway by many tridentate N-ligand iron complexes, our [Fe(BMPA)Br3] mimics haloperoxidases to generate HOBr by oxidation of bromide ion with hydrogen peroxide. The discovery of the bromide effect on iron complexes bridges the gap between Fenton chemistry and haloperoxidase-catalyzed halogenation and might stimulate interest in reinvestigating the “innocent” ligand of iron complexes for discovery of new reactivity and new applications. Additionally, the new catalytic system represents a mild and green oxidation method that might be useful in academia and industry.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article.

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