Data–Knowledge-Dual-Driven Electrolyte Design for Fast-Charging Lithium Ion Batteries
This article relates to:
-
Outside Back Cover: Data–Knowledge-Dual-Driven Electrolyte Design for Fast-Charging Lithium Ion Batteries (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 24/2025)
- i Yang,
- Nan Yao,
- Yu-Chen Gao,
- Xiang Chen,
- Yu-Xin Huang,
- Shuo Zhang,
- Han-Bing Zhu,
- Lei Xu,
- Yu-Xing Yao,
- Shi-Jie Yang,
- Zheng Liao,
- Zeheng Li,
- Xue-Fei Wen,
- Peng Wu,
- Ting-Lu Song,
- Jin-Hao Yao,
- Jiang-Kui Hu,
- Chong Yan,
- Jia-Qi Huang,
- Qiang Zhang,
- Volume 64Issue 24Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- First Published online: May 13, 2025
Yi Yang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorNan Yao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorYu-Chen Gao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiang Chen
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorYu-Xin Huang
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorShuo Zhang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorHan-Bing Zhu
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorLei Xu
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorYu-Xing Yao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorShi-Jie Yang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorZheng Liao
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorZeheng Li
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorXue-Fei Wen
Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy, Tsinghua University, Taiyuan, 030032 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorPeng Wu
Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy, Tsinghua University, Taiyuan, 030032 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorTing-Lu Song
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorJin-Hao Yao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorJiang-Kui Hu
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorChong Yan
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy, Tsinghua University, Taiyuan, 030032 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jia-Qi Huang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Qiang Zhang
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy, Tsinghua University, Taiyuan, 030032 P.R. China
Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorYi Yang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorNan Yao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorYu-Chen Gao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiang Chen
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorYu-Xin Huang
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorShuo Zhang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorHan-Bing Zhu
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorLei Xu
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorYu-Xing Yao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorShi-Jie Yang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorZheng Liao
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorZeheng Li
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorXue-Fei Wen
Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy, Tsinghua University, Taiyuan, 030032 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorPeng Wu
Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy, Tsinghua University, Taiyuan, 030032 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorTing-Lu Song
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorJin-Hao Yao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorJiang-Kui Hu
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorChong Yan
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy, Tsinghua University, Taiyuan, 030032 P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jia-Qi Huang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P.R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Qiang Zhang
Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Tsinghua Center for Green Chemical Engineering Electrification, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy, Tsinghua University, Taiyuan, 030032 P.R. China
Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 P.R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorGraphical Abstract
A data–knowledge-dual-driven framework is proposed for mining high-temperature fast-charging electrolytes, integrating high-throughput calculation, machine learning, and experimental verification. The screened ethyl trimethylacetate-based electrolyte strengthens Li-ion batteries performance at 4.0 C and 45 °C by thermostable solid-electrolyte-interphase.
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) starve for minutes-level fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), while the heat gathering at high-rate charging and torridity conditions has detrimental effects on electrolytes, triggering rapid battery degradation and even safety hazards. However, the current research on high-temperature fast-charging (HTFC) electrolytes is very lacking. We revolutionized the conventional paradigm of developing HTFC electrolytes integrating with high-throughput calculation, machine-learning techniques, and experimental verifications to establish a data–knowledge-dual-driven approach. Ethyl trimethylacetate was efficiently screened out based on the approach and enabled batteries to work under high temperatures with distinctly restricted side reactions. A stable and highly safe fast-charging (15-min charging to 80% capacity) cycling without Li plating was achieved over 4100 cycles at 45 °C based on 181 Wh kg−1 pouch cells, demonstrating the state-of-the-art in this field.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
---|---|
anie202505212-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdf3 MB | Supporting Information |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
References
- 1M. Li, J. Lu, Z. Chen, K. Amine, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, e1800561.
- 2Z. P. Cano, D. Banham, S. Y. Ye, A. Hintennach, J. Lu, M. Fowler, Z. W. Chen, Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 279–289.
- 3X. Q. Zeng, M. Li, D. A. El-Hady, W. Alshitari, A. S. Al-Bogami, J. Lu, K. Amine, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1900161.
- 4J. Deng, C. Bae, A. Denlinger, T. Miller, Joule 2020, 4, 511–515.
- 5A. Tomaszewska, Z. Chu, X. Feng, S. O'Kane, X. Liu, J. Chen, C. Ji, E. Endler, R. Li, L. Liu, Y. Li, S. Zheng, S. Vetterlein, M. Gao, J. Du, M. Parkes, M. Ouyang, M. Marinescu, G. Offer, B. Wu, eTrans 2019, 1, 100011.
- 6G.-L. Zhu, C.-Z. Zhao, J.-Q. Huang, C. X. He, J. Zhang, S. H. Chen, L. Xu, H. Yuan, Q. Zhang, Small 2019, 15, 1805389.
- 7M. Li, M. Feng, D. Luo, Z. Chen, Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 2020, 1, 100212.
- 8L. L. Lu, Y. Y. Lu, Z. X. Zhu, J. X. Shao, H. B. Yao, S. G. Wang, T. W. Zhang, Y. Ni, X. X. Wang, S. H. Yu, Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eabm6624.
- 9H. Jin, S. Xin, C. Chuang, W. Li, H. Wang, J. Zhu, H. Xie, T. Zhang, Y. Wan, Z. Qi, W. Yan, Y. R. Lu, T. S. Chan, X. Wu, J. B. Goodenough, H. Ji, X. Duan, Science 2020, 370, 192–197.
- 10X.-G. Yang, T. Liu, Y. Gao, S. Ge, Y. Leng, D. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, Joule 2019, 3, 3002–3019.
- 11C.-Y. Wang, T. Liu, X.-G. Yang, S. Ge, N. V. Stanley, E. S. Rountree, Y. Leng, B. D. McCarthy, Nature 2022, 611, 485–490.
- 12S. Tu, B. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Chen, X. Wang, R. Zhan, Y. Ou, W. Wang, X. Liu, X. Duan, L. Wang, Y. Sun, Nat. Energy 2023, 8, 1365–1374.
- 13K.-H. Chen, V. Goel, M. J. Namkoong, M. Wied, S. Müller, V. Wood, J. Sakamoto, K. Thornton, N. P. Dasgupta, Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2003336.
- 14Y.-X. Yao, X. Chen, N. Yao, J.-H. Gao, G. Xu, J.-F. Ding, C.-L. Song, W.-L. Cai, C. Yan, Q. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202214828.
- 15S. Ahmed, I. Bloom, A. N. Jansen, T. Tanim, E. J. Dufek, A. Pesaran, A. Burnham, R. B. Carlson, F. Dias, K. Hardy, M. Keyser, C. Kreuzer, A. Markel, A. Meintz, C. Michelbacher, M. Mohanpurkar, P. A. Nelson, D. C. Robertson, D. Scoffield, M. Shirk, T. Stephens, R. Vijayagopal, J. Zhang, J. Power Sources 2017, 367, 250–262.
- 16M. Keyser, A. Pesaran, Q. Li, S. Santhanagopalan, K. Smith, E. Wood, S. Ahmed, I. Bloom, E. Dufek, M. Shirk, A. Meintz, C. Kreuzer, C. Michelbacher, A. Burnham, T. Stephens, J. Francfort, B. Carlson, J. Zhang, R. Vijayagopal, K. Hardy, F. Dias, M. Mohanpurkar, D. Scoffield, A. N. Jansen, T. Tanim, A. Markel, J. Power Sources 2017, 367, 228–236.
- 17X. Lin, M. Salari, L. M. Arava, P. M. Ajayan, M. W. Grinstaff, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 5848–5887.
- 18T. Taskovic, A. Eldesoky, C. P. Aiken, J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2022, 169, 100547.
- 19K. Q. Qin, S. H. Ge, N. Gupta, T. Sasaki, C. Y. Wang, J. Power Sources 2025, 630, 236094.
- 20R. S. Longchamps, X. G. Yang, C. Y. Wang, ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 1103–1111.
- 21P. Liu, L. Yang, B. Xiao, H. Wang, L. Li, S. Ye, Y. Li, X. Ren, X. Ouyang, J. Hu, F. Pan, Q. Zhang, J. Liu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2208586.
- 22S. S. Zhang, InfoMat 2021, 3, 125–130.
- 23D. Zhang, L. Li, W. Zhang, M. Cao, H. Qiu, X. Ji, Chin. Chem. Lett. 2023, 34, 107122.
- 24E. R. Logan, D. S. Hall, M. M. E. Cormier, T. Taskovic, M. Bauer, I. Hamam, H. Hebecker, L. Molino, J. R. Dahn, J. Phys. Chem. C 2020, 124, 12269–12280.
- 25X. Huang, R. Li, C. Sun, H. Zhang, S. Zhang, L. Lv, Y. Huang, L. Fan, L. Chen, M. Noked, X. Fan, ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 3947–3957.
- 26H. Cheng, Z. Ma, P. Kumar, H. Liang, Z. Cao, H. Xie, L. Cavallo, H. Kim, Q. Li, Y.-K. Sun, J. Ming, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2304321.
- 27D. Lu, R. Li, M. M. Rahman, P. Yu, L. Lv, S. Yang, Y. Huang, C. Sun, S. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, X. Xiao, T. Deng, L. Fan, L. Chen, J. Wang, E. Hu, C. Wang, X. Fan, Nature 2024, 627, 101–107.
- 28S. J. Yang, N. Yao, F. N. Jiang, J. Xie, S. Y. Sun, X. Chen, H. Yuan, X. B. Cheng, J. Q. Huang, Q. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202214545.
- 29J. Wang, Y. Yamada, K. Sodeyama, E. Watanabe, K. Takada, Y. Tateyama, A. Yamada, Nat. Energy 2017, 3, 22–29.
- 30X. G. Yang, T. Liu, C. Y. Wang, Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 176–185.
- 31J. Liao, R. S. Longchamps, B. D. Mccarthy, F. F. Shi, C. Y. Wang, ACS Energy Lett. 2024, 9, 771–778.
- 32J. Xu, J. Zhang, T. P. Pollard, Q. Li, S. Tan, S. Hou, H. Wan, F. Chen, H. He, E. Hu, K. Xu, X. Q. Yang, O. Borodin, C. Wang, Nature 2023, 614, 694–700.
- 33J. Zhang, H. Zhang, S. Weng, R. Li, D. Lu, T. Deng, S. Zhang, L. Lv, J. Qi, X. Xiao, L. Fan, S. Geng, F. Wang, L. Chen, M. Noked, X. Wang, X. Fan, Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 2211.
- 34D.-J. Yoo, Q. Liu, O. Cohen, M. Kim, K. A. Persson, Z. Zhang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2204182.
- 35K. Xu, Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4303–4418.
- 36K. Xu, Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11503–11618.
- 37B. D. McKay, M. A. Yirik, C. Steinbeck, J. Cheminform. 2022, 14, 24.
- 38Y.-C. Gao, Y.-H. Yuan, S. Huang, N. Yao, L. Yu, Y.-P. Chen, Q. Zhang, X. Chen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202416506.
- 39O. P. Korobeinichev, S. B. Ilyin, T. A. Bolshova, V. M. Shvartsberg, A. A. Chernov, Combust. Flame 2000, 121, 593–609.
- 40C. Wang, L. D. Xing, J. Vatamanu, Z. Chen, G. Y. Lan, W. S. Li, K. Xu, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 3423.
- 41Q. Q. Ren, Y. F. Yuan, S. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 23022–23032.
- 42Y. Yang, C. Yan, J. Q. Huang, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2021, 37, 2010076–2010089.
- 43Y. Yang, L. Xu, C. Yan, J.-Q. Huang, Q. Zhang, Energy Lab. 2022, 1, 220011.
- 44C. Yan, R. Xu, Y. Xiao, J. F. Ding, L. Xu, B. Q. Li, J. Q. Huang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1909887.
- 45Y. X. Yao, X. Chen, C. Yan, X. Q. Zhang, W. L. Cai, J. Q. Huang, Q. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 4090–4097.
- 46Y. Mo, G. Liu, J. Chen, X. Zhu, Y. Peng, Y. Wang, C. Wang, X. Dong, Y. Xia, Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 227–237.
- 47Q. K. Zhang, X. Q. Zhang, J. Wan, N. Yao, T. L. Song, J. Xie, L. P. Hou, M. Y. Zhou, X. Chen, B. Q. Li, R. Wen, H. J. Peng, Q. Zhang, J. Q. Huang, Nat. Energy 2023, 8, 725–735.
- 48Y. X. Yao, N. Yao, X. R. Zhou, Z. H. Li, X. Y. Yue, C. Yan, Q. Zhang, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, e2206448.
- 49Z. Li, Y. X. Yao, M. Zheng, S. Sun, Y. Yang, Y. Xiao, L. Xu, C. B. Jin, X. Y. Yue, T. Song, P. Wu, C. Yan, Q. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202409409.
- 50R. Huang, X. Wang, B. Jiang, S. Chen, G. Zhang, J. Zhu, X. Wei, H. Dai, J. Power Sources 2023, 566, 232929.
- 51S. H. Ge, Y. J. Leng, T. Liu, R. S. Longchamps, X. G. Yang, Y. Gao, D. W. Wang, D. H. Wang, C. Y. Wang, Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaay7633.
- 52L. Chen, J. H. Lu, Y. B. Wang, P. He, S. B. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Z. Wu, G. P. Cao, L. Wang, X. M. He, J. Y. Qiu, H. Zhang, Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 49, 493–501.
- 53Y. Q. Chen, Q. He, Y. Mo, W. Zhou, Y. Zhao, N. Piao, C. Liu, P. T. Xiao, H. Liu, B. H. Li, S. Chen, L. Wang, X. M. He, L. D. Xing, J. L. Liu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2201631.
- 54Y. L. Zhu, J. G. Zhu, B. Jiang, X. Y. Wang, X. Z. Wei, H. F. Dai, J. Energy Storage 2023, 60, 106624.
- 55S. H. Ge, R. S. Longchamps, T. Liu, J. Liao, Y. J. Leng, C. Y. Wang, Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2021, 2, 100584.
- 56C. P. Aiken, T. Taskovie, J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2022, 169, 090523.
- 57K. Tuul, S. Martin-Maher, C. Floras, W. Black, T. Taskovic, S. Chisholm, A. Clarke, E. Lust, J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2024, 171, 040510.
- 58Y. G. Zou, Z. Ma, G. Liu, Q. Li, D. M. Yin, X. J. Shi, Z. Cao, Z. N. Tian, H. Kim, Y. J. Guo, C. S. Sun, L. Cavallo, L. M. Wang, H. N. Alshareef, Y. K. Sun, J. Ming, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202216189.
- 59X. Y. Zheng, Z. Cao, W. Luo, T. Zhao, Y. Han, H. Yang, X. Y. Liu, Y. Zhou, J. Y. Wen, Y. Shen, H. H. Zheng, Y. H. Huang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2301550.