Xanthene-Based Nitric Oxide-Responsive Nanosensor for Photoacoustic Imaging in the SWIR Window
Chathuranga S. L. Rathnamalala
Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, 310 President Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorSelena Hernandez
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Melissa Y. Lucero
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
Search for more papers by this authorChelsea B. Swartchick
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
Search for more papers by this authorAmanda K. East
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Steven R. Gwaltney
Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, 310 President Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Prof. Dr. Jefferson Chan
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Prof. Dr. Colleen N. Scott
Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, 310 President Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
Search for more papers by this authorChathuranga S. L. Rathnamalala
Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, 310 President Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorSelena Hernandez
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Melissa Y. Lucero
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
Search for more papers by this authorChelsea B. Swartchick
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
Search for more papers by this authorAmanda K. East
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Steven R. Gwaltney
Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, 310 President Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Prof. Dr. Jefferson Chan
Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Prof. Dr. Colleen N. Scott
Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, 310 President Circle, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Shortwave infrared (SWIR) dyes are characterized by their ability to absorb light from 900 to 1400 nm, which is ideal for deep tissue imaging owing to minimized light scattering and interference from endogenous pigments. An approach to access such molecules is to tune the photophysical properties of known near-infrared dyes. Herein, we report the development of a series of easily accessible (three steps) SWIR xanthene dyes based on a dibenzazepine donor conjugated to thiophene (SCR-1), thienothiophene (SCR-2), or bithiophene (SCR-3). We leverage the fact that SCR-1 undergoes a bathochromic shift when aggregated for in vivo studies by developing a ratiometric nanoparticle for NO (rNP-NO), which we employed to successfully visualize pathological levels of nitric oxide in a drug-induced liver injury model via deep tissue SWIR photoacoustic (PA) imaging. Our work demonstrates how easily this dye series can be utilized as a component in nanosensor designs for imaging studies.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available in the Supporting Information of this article.
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