Chapter 12
Analysis of Tropane Alkaloids in Biological Matrices
Philippe Christen,
Stefan Bieri,
Jean-Luc Veuthey,
Philippe Christen
University of Lausanne, School of Pharmaceutical Science EPGL, 30, Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genèva 4, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorStefan Bieri
Official Food Control, Authority of Geneva, 20, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorJean-Luc Veuthey
University of Geneve, Faculty of Sciences, 20, Bd d'Yvoy, 1211 Genèva 4, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorPhilippe Christen,
Stefan Bieri,
Jean-Luc Veuthey,
Philippe Christen
University of Lausanne, School of Pharmaceutical Science EPGL, 30, Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genèva 4, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorStefan Bieri
Official Food Control, Authority of Geneva, 20, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorJean-Luc Veuthey
University of Geneve, Faculty of Sciences, 20, Bd d'Yvoy, 1211 Genèva 4, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Prof. Ernesto Fattorusso,
Prof. Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati,
Prof. Ernesto Fattorusso
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
Extraction
-
Plant Material
-
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
-
Microwave-assisted Extraction
-
Pressurized Solvent Extraction
-
Solid-phase Microextraction
-
Biological Matrices
-
-
Analysis of Plant Material and Biological Matrices
-
Gas Chromatography
-
High-performance Liquid Chromatography
-
Capillary Electrophoresis
-
Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
-
-
Conclusions
References
- Lounasmaa, M. and Tamminen, T. (1993) The tropane alkaloids, In G. A. Cordell (Ed.) The Alkaloids, Vol. 44, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
- Christen, P. (2000) Tropane alkaloids: old drugs used in modern medicine, In Atta-ur-Rahman (Ed.) Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Vol. 22, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL.
- Griffin, W. J. and Lin, G. D. (2000) Phytochemistry, 53, 623–637.
- Goldmann, A., Milet, M. L., Ducrot, P. H., Lallemand, J. Y., Maille, M., Lepingle, A., Charpin, I., Tepfer, D. (1990) Phytochemistry, 29, 2125–2128.
- Schimming, T., Tofern, B., Mann, P., Richter, A., Jenett-Siems, K., Dräger, B., Asana, N., Gupta, M. P., Correa, M. D., Eich, E. (1998) Phytochemistry, 49, 1989–1995.
- Dräger, B. (2004) Natural Products Report, 21, 211–223.
- Brock, A., Bieri, S., Christen, P., Dräger, B. (2005) Phytochemistry, 66, 1231–1240.
- Brock, A., Herzfeld, T., Paschke, R., Koch, M., Dräger, B. (2006) Phytochemistry, 67, 2050–2057.
- Asano, N., Nash, R. J., Molyneux, R. J., Fleet, G. W. J. (2000) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 11, 1645–1680.
- Gaillard, Y. and Pepin, G. (1999) Journal of Chromatography, B, 733, 181–229.
- El Jaber-Vazdekis, N., Gutierrez-Nicolás, F., Ravelo, A. G., Zárate, R. (2006) Phytochemical Analysis, 17, 107–113.
- Cannell, R. J. P. (1998) Natural products isolation, Methods in Biotechnology, Vol. 4, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
- Woolley, J. G. (1993) Tropane alkaloids, In P. G. Watermann (Ed.) Methods in Plant Biochemistry, Vol. 8, Academic Press, London.
- Castioni, P., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1995) Analusis, 23, 95–106.
- Choi, Y. H., Chin, Y. -W., Kim, J., Jeon, S. H., Yoo, K. -P. (1999) Journal of Chromatography, A, 863, 47–55.
- Brachet, A., Mateus, L., Cherkaoui, S., Christen, P., Gauvrit, J. -Y., Lantéri, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1999) Analusis, 27, 772–778.
- Brachet, A., Christen, P., Gauvrit, J. -Y., Longeray, R., Lantéri, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (2000) Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 43, 353–366.
- Later, D. W., Richter, B. E., Knowles, D. E., Anderson, M. R. (1986) Journal of Chromatographic Science, 24, 249–253.
- Morrison, J. F., Chesler, S. N., Yoo, W. J., Selavka, C. M. (1998) Analytical Chemistry, 70, 163–172.
- Veuthey, J. -L., Edder, P., Staub, C. (1995) Analusis, 23, 258–265.
- Abu Samra, A., Morris, J. S., Koirtyohann, S. R. (1975) Analytical Chemistry, 47, 1475–1477.
- Ganzler, K., Salgò, A., Valko, K. (1986) Journal of Chromatography, 371, 299–306.
- Ganzler, K. and Salgò, A. (1987) Zeitschrift fuer LebensmittelUntersuchung und -Forschung, 184, 274–276.
- Zlotorzynski, A. (1995) Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 25, 43–76.
- Neas, E. D. and Collins, M. J. (1988) Microwave heating: theoretical concepts and equipment design, In H. M. Kingston and L. B. Jassie (Eds.) Introduction to Microwave Sample Preparation. Theory and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington DC.
- Ganzler, K., Szinai, I., Salgò, A. (1990) Journal of Chromatography, 520, 257–262.
- Camel, V. (2001) Analyst, 126, 1182–1193.
- Brachet, A., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (2002) Phytochemical Analysis, 13, 162–169.
- Bieri, S., Brachet, A., Veuthey, J. -L., Christen, P. (2006) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 103, 439–447.
- Kaufmann, B. and Christen, P. (2002) Phytochemical Analysis, 13, 105–113.
- Brachet, A., Rudaz, S., Mateus, L., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (2001) Journal of Separation Science, 24, 865–873.
- Arthur, C. L. and Pawliszyn, J. (1990) Analytical Chemistry, 62, 2145–2148.
- O'Reilly, J., Wang, Q., Setkova, L., Hutchinson, J. P., Chen, Y., Lord, H. L., Linton, C. M., Pawliszyn, J. (2005) Journal of Separation Science, 28, 2010– 2022.
- Gentili, S., Cornetta, M., Macchia, T. (2004) Journal of Chromatography, B, 801, 289–296.
- Follador, M. J. D., Yonamine, M., de Moraes Moreau, R. L., Silva, O. A. (2004) Journal of Chromatography, B, 811, 37–40.
- Bermejo, A. M., López, P., Álvarez, I., Tabernero, M. J., Fernandez, P. (2006) Forensic Science International, 156, 2–8.
- Ilias, Y., Bieri, S., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (2006) Journal of Chromatographic Science, 44, 394–398.
- Bieri, S., Ilias, Y., Bicchi, C., Veuthey, J. -L., Christen, P. (2006) Journal of Chromatography, A, 1112, 127–132.
- Mroczek, T., Glowniak, K., Kowalska, J. (2006) Journal of Chromatography, A, 1107, 9–18.
- Berkov, S. and Pavlov, A. (2004) Phytochemical Analysis, 15, 141–145.
- Wells, D. A. (2003) High throughput bioanalytical sample preparation, Methods and Automation Strategies. Progress in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL.
- Van Hout, M. W. J., Niederländer, H. A. G., de Zeeuw, R. A., de Jong, G. J. (2003) New developments in integrated sample preparation for bioanalysis, In R. M. Smith and I. A. Wilson (Eds.) Handbook of Analytical Separations: Bioanalytical Separations, Vol. 4, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL.
- Farina, M., Yonamine, M., Silva, A. A. (2002) Forensic Science International, 127, 204–207.
- Raje, S., Dowling, T. C., Eddington, N. D. (2002) Journal of Chromatography, B, 768, 305–313.
- Dräger, B. (2002) Journal of Chromatography, A, 978, 1–35.
- Oertel, R. (2001) Journal of Chromatography, B, 750, 121–128.
- Hennion, M. -C. and Pichon, V. (2003) Journal of Chromatography, A, 1000, 29–52.
- Sellergren, B. (2001) Molecularly imprinted polymers in solid-phase extractions, In F. Lanza (Ed.) Molecularly Imprinted Polymers-Man-made Mimics of Antibodies and Their Applications in Analytical Chemistry: Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 23, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL.
- Nakamura, M., Ono, M., Nakajima, T., Ito, Y., Aketo, T., Haginaka, J. (2005) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 37, 231–237.
- Müller, M., Schmid, R., Georgopoulos, A., Buxbaum, A., Wasicek, C., Eichler, H. -G. (1995) Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 57, 371–380.
- Fuh, M. -R., Tai, Y. -L., Pan, W. H. T. (2001) Journal of Chromatography, B, 752, 107–114.
- Chen, Y. -F., Chang, C. -H., Wang, S. -C., Tsai, T. -H. (2005) Biomedical Chromatography, 19, 402–408.
- Kidwell, D. A., Holland, J. C., Athanaselis, S. (1998) Journal of Chromatography, B, 713, 111–136.
- Samyn, N., Verstraete, A., van Haeren, C., Kintz, P. (1999) Forensic Science Review, 11, 1–19.
- Gaillard, Y. and Pépin, G. (1999) Journal of Chromatography, B, 733, 231–246.
- Kintz, P. and Samyn, N. (2002) Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 24, 239–246.
- Kintz, P. (1996) Drug Testing in Hair, CRC Press, New York, USA.
- Baerheim-Svendsen, A. and Verpoorte, R. (1984) Chromatography of alkaloids, Part b: Gas–Liquid Chromatography, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL.
- Savchuk, S. A., Simonov, E. A., Sorokin, V. I., Dorogokupets, O. B., Vedenin, A. N. (2004) Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 59, 954–964.
- Rasanen, I., Kontinen, I., Nokua, J., Ojanpera, I., Vuori, E. (2003) Journal of Chromatography, B, 788, 243–250.
- Cramers, C. A., Janssen, H. -G., van Deursen, M., Leclercq, P. A. (1999) Journal of Chromatography, A, 856, 315–329.
- Korytar, P., Janssen, H. -G., Matisova, E., Brinkman, U. A. T. (2002) Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 21, 558–572.
- Klee, M. S. and Blumberg, L. M. (2002) Journal of Chromatographic Science, 40, 234–247.
-
Bertsch, W. (2000) Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 23, 167– 181.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-4168(20000301)23:3<167::AID-JHRC167>3.0.CO;2-2 CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Marriott, P. and Shellie, R. (2002) Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 21, 573– 583.
- Dalluge, J., Beens, J., Brinkman, U. A. T. (2003) Journal of Chromatography, A, 1000, 69–108.
- Williams, T. A., Riddle, M., Morgan, S. L., Brewer, W. E. (1999) Journal of Chromatographic Science, 37, 210–214.
- Song, S. M., Marriott, P., Kotsos, A., Drummer, O. H., Wynne, P. (2004) Forensic Science International, 143, 87–101.
- Berkov, S., Zayed, R., Doncheva, T. (2006) Fitoterapia, 77, 179–182.
- Doncheva, T., Berkov, S., Philipov, S. (2006) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 34, 478–488.
- Kartal, M., Kurucu, S., Altun, L., Ceyhan, T., Sayar, E., Cevheroglu, S., Yetkin, Y. (2003) Turkish Journal Of Chemistry, 27, 565–569.
- Jordan, M., Humam, M., Bieri, S., Christen, P., Poblete, E., Mun˜oz, O. (2006) Phytochemistry, 67, 570–578.
- Bieri, S., Mun˜oz, O., Veuthey, J. -L., Christen, P. (2006) Journal of Separation Science, 29, 96–102.
- Patterson, S. and O'Hagan, D. (2002) Phytochemistry, 61, 323–329.
- O'Hagan, D. and Robins, R. J. (1998) Chemical Society Reviews, 27, 207–212.
- Humphrey, A. J. and O'Hagan, D. (2001) Natural Products Report, 18, 494–502.
- Casale, J. F. and Moore, J. M. (1996) Journal of Chromatography, A, 749, 173–180.
- Casale, J. F. and Moore, J. M. (1996) Journal of Chromatography, A, 756, 185–192.
- Moore, J. M. and Casale, J. F. (1997) Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42, 246– 255.
- Moore, J. M. and Casale, J. F. (1994) Journal of Chromatography, A, 674, 165–205.
- Moore, J. M., Casale, J. F., Klein, R. F., Cooper, D. A., Lydon, J. (1994) Journal of Chromatography, A, 659, 163–175.
- Casale, J. F., Toske, S. G., Colley, V. L. (2005) Journal Of Forensic Sciences, 50, 1402–1406.
- Zuanazzi, L. A. S., Tremea, V., Limberger, R. P., Sobral, M., Henriques, A. T. (2001) A. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 29, 819–825.
- Engelke, B. F. and Gentner, W. A. (1991) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 80, 96.
- Jenkins, A. J., Llosa, T., Montoya, I., Cone, E. J. (1996) Forensic Science International, 77, 179–189.
- Sachs, H. and Kintz, P. (1998) Journal of Chromatography, 713, 147–161.
- Cody, J. T. and Foltz, R. L. (1995) Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry, 1–59.
- Hime, G. W., Hearn, W. L., Rose, S., Cofino, J. (1991) Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 15, 241–245.
- Chasin, A. A. M., De Lima, I. V., De Carvalho, D. G., Midio, A. F. (1997) Acta Toxicológica Argentina, 5, 77–80.
- Gunnar, T., Mykkanen, S., Ariniemi, K., Lillsunde, P. (2004) Journal of Chromatography, B, 806, 205–219.
- Namera, A., Yashiki, M., Hirose, Y., Yamaji, S., Tani, T., Kojima, T. (2002) Forensic Science International, 130, 34–43.
- Namera, A. (2005) Tropane alkaloids, In O. Suzuki and K. Watanabe (Eds.) Drugs and Poisons in Human: A handbook of Practical Analysis, Springer, Berlin.
- Baltussen, E., Cramers, C. A., Sandra, P. J. F. (2002) Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 373, 3–22.
- Tienpont, B., David, F., Stopforth, A., Sandra, P. (2003) LC-GC Europe, 16(12a), 5–13.
- Lewis, R. J., Johnson, R. D., Angier, M. K., Ritter, R. M. (2004) Journal of Chromatography, B, 806, 141–150.
- Scheidweiler, K. B., Plessinger, M. A., Shojaie, J., Wood, R. W., Kwong, T. C. (2003) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 307, 1179–1187.
- Campora, P., Bermejo, A. M., Tabernero, M. J., Fernandez, P. (2003) Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 27, 270–274.
- Samyn, N., DeBoeck, G., Verstraete, A. G. (2002) Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47, 1380–1387.
- Teske, J., Putzbach, K., Engewald, W., Kleemann, W. J., Müller, R. K. (2003) Chromatographia, 57 (Suppl.), S/271–S/ 273.
- Gruszecki, A. C., Robinson, C. A., Jr., Embry, J. H., Davis, G. G. (2000) American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 21, 166–171.
- Eyler, F. D., Behnke, M., Wobie, K., Garvan, C. W., Tebbett, I. (2005) Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 677–687.
- Stutz, M. H. and Sass, S. (1973) Analytical Chemistry, 45, 2134–2136.
- Pekic, B., Slavica, B., Lepojevic, Z., Gorunovic, M. (1985) Die Pharmazie, 40, 422–423.
- Bogusz, M. and Erkens, M. (1994) Journal of Chromatography, A, 674, 97–126.
- Herrero-Martinez, J. M., Mendez, A., Bosch, E., Roses, M. (2004) Journal of Chromatography, A, 1060, 135–145.
- Kurzinski, L., Hank, H., László, I., Szöke, E. (2005) Journal of Chromatography, A, 1091, 32–39.
- Hank, H., Szöke, E., Tóth, K., László, I., Kursinszki, L. (2004) Chromatographia, 60, S55–S59.
- Kirchhoff, C., Bitar, Y., Ebel, S., Holzgrabe, U. (2004) Journal of Chromatography, A, 1046, 115–120.
- Wolfender, J. -L., Rodriguez, S., Hostettmann, K. (1998) Journal of Chromatography, A, 794, 299–316.
-
Albert, K. (2002) On-Line LC-NMR and Related Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
10.1002/0470854820 Google Scholar
- Wolfender, J. -L., Queiroz, E. F., Hostettmann, K. (2005) Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 43, 697–709.
- Zanolari, B., Wolfender, J. -L., Guilet, D., Marston, A., Queiroz, E. F., Paulo, M. Q., Hostettmann, K. (2003) Journal of Chromatography, A, 1020, 75–89.
- Bieri, S., Varesio, E., Veuthey, J. -L., Munoz, O., Tseng, L. -H., Braumann, U., Spraul, M., Christen, P. (2006) Phytochemical Analysis, 17, 78–86.
- Bowman, B. P., Vaughan, S. R., Walker, Q. D., Davis, S. L., Little, P. J., Scheffler, N. M., Thomas, B. F., Kuhn, C. M. (1999) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 290, 1316–1323.
- Harrison, P. K., Tattersall, J. E. H., Gosden, E. (2006) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology, 373, 230–236.
- Needham, S. R., Jeanville, P. M., Brown, P. R., Estape, E. S. (2000) Journal of Chromatography, B, 748, 77–87.
- Takahashi, M., Nagashima, M., Shigeoka, S., Nishijima, M., Kamata, K. (1997) Journal of Chromatography, A, 775, 137–141.
- Jamdar, S. C., Pantuck, C. B., Diaz, J., Mets, B. (2000) Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 24, 438–441.
- Stöckigt, J., Unger, M., Stöckigt, D., Belder, D. (1998) Analysis of alkaloids by capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry, In S. W. Pelletier (Ed.) Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Vol. 12, Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
- Cherkaoui, S., Mateus, L., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1997) Journal of Chromatography, B, 696, 283–290.
- Cherkaoui, S., Mateus, L., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1998) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 17, 1167–1176.
- Eeva, M., Salo, J. -P., OksmanCaldentey, K. -M. (1998) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 16, 717–722.
- Mateus, L., Cherkaoui, S., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (2000) Journal of Chromatography, A, 868, 285–294.
- Ye, N., Zhu, R., Gu, X., Zou, H. (2001) Biomedical Chromatography, 15, 509–512.
- Cherkaoui, S., Mateus, L., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1997) Chromatographia, 46, 351–357.
- Mateus, L., Cherkaoui, S., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1998) Journal of Chromatography, A, 829, 317–325.
- Mateus, L., Cherkaoui, S., Christen, P., Oksman-Caldentey, K. -M. (2000) Phytochemistry, 54, 517–523.
- Mateus, L., Cherkaoui, S., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1999) Current Topics in Phytochemistry, 2, 175–182.
- Cherkaoui, S., Mateus, L., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1999) Chromatographia, 49, 54–60.
- Cherkaoui, S., Mateus, L., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1999) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 21, 165–174.
-
Mateus, L., Cherkaoui, S., Christen, P., Veuthey, J. -L. (1999) Electrophoresis, 20, 3402–3409.
10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19991101)20:17<3402::AID-ELPS3402>3.0.CO;2-E CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Gao, Y., Tian, Y., Wang, E. (2005) Analytica Chimica Acta, 545, 137–141.
- Veuthey, J. -L. (2005) Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 381, 93–95.
- Boone, C. M., Waterval, J. C. M., Lingeman, H., Ensing, K., Underberg, W. J. M. (1999) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 20, 831–863.
-
Petersen, J. R. and Mohammad, A. A. (2001) Clinical and Forensic Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
10.1385/1592591205 Google Scholar
- Petersen, J. R., Okorodudu, A. O., Mohammad, A. A., Payne, D. A. (2003) Clinica Chimica Acta, 330, 1–30.
- Thormann, W. (2003) Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 24, 222–231.
- Plaut, O. and Staub, C. (2002) Chimia, 56, 96–100.
- Plaut, O. and Staub, C. (1998) Electrophoresis, 19, 3003–3007.
- Tagliaro, F., Poiesi, C., Aiello, R., Dorizzi, R., Ghielmi, S., Marigo, M. (1993) Journal of Chromatography, 638, 303–309.
- Tagliaro, F., Manetto, G., Crivellente, F., Scarcella, D., Marigo, M. (1998) Forensic Science International, 92, 259–268.
- Tagliaro, F., Valentini, R., Manetto, G., Crivellente, F., Carli, G., Marigo, M. (2000) Forensic Science International, 107, 121–128.
- Chevigné, R. and Louis, P. (1997) US patent 5 611 903.
- Boone, C. M., Jonkers, E. Z., Franke, J. P., de Zeeuw, R. A., Ensing, K. (2001) Journal of Chromatography, A, 927, 203–210.
- Alnajjar, A., Butcher, J. A., McCord, B. (2004) Electrophoresis, 25, 1592–1600.
- Takáts, Z., Wiseman, J. M., Gologan, B., Cooks, R. G. (2004) Science, 306, 471–473.
- Takáts, Z., Cotte-Rodriguez, J., Talaty, N., Chen, H., Cooks, R. G. (2005) Chemical Communications, 1950–1952.
- Takáts, Z., Wiseman, J. M., Cooks, R. G. (2005) Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 40, 1261–1275.
- Leuthold, L. A., Mandscheff, J. -F., Fathi, M., Giroud, C., Augsburger, M., Varesio, E., Hopfgartner, G. (2006) Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 20, 103–110.
- Rodriguez-Cruz, S. E. (2006) Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 20, 53–60.
- Talaty, N., Takáts, Z., Cooks, R. G. (2005) Analyst, 130, 1624–1633.
