By-Product Utilization
Mark D. Pickard
InfraReady Products, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorRenan S. da Silva Lima
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorFereidoon Shahidi
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorMark D. Pickard
InfraReady Products, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorRenan S. da Silva Lima
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorFereidoon Shahidi
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
This article provides an overview of the by-products of seed processing and oil refining. The various uses of soybean, canola, sunflower, palm, safflower, cottonseed, olive, coconut, flax, and more are examined along with their extraction processes. The latest improvements in the by-products of oil refining, such as lecithin, refining by-product lipid, spent bleaching earth, deodorizer distillate, and spent catalyst are also reviewed.
References
- 1Llano, M.P. and Vargas, W. (2015). Int. J. Climatol. 36: 1471.
- 2 D.A. Davis (ed.) (2015). Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture, 141–169. Woodhead Publishing.
10.1016/B978-0-08-100506-4.00006-4 Google Scholar
- 3 D.R. Erickson (ed.) (2015). Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization, 113–114. Urbana IL and United Soybean Board, St. Louis, MO: AOCS Press.
- 4Dei, H.K. (2011). In: Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products (ed. D. Krezhova), 215–226. InTech.
- 5Fehr, W.R. (1989). In: Oilcrops of the World: Their Breeding and Utilization (ed. G. Robbelen, R.K. Downey and A. Ashri), 283–300. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- 6Wickramasuriya, S.S., Yi, Y.-J., Yoo, J. et al. (2015). J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 57 (29): 1.
- 7Bernard, J.K. (2016). In: Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier.
- 8Broderick, G.A., Faciola, A.P., and Armentano, L.E. (2015). J. Dairy Sci. 98: 5672–5687.
- 9Gidlund, H., Hetta, M., Krizsan, S.J. et al. (2015). J. Dairy Sci. 98: 8093–8106.
- 10Stein, H.H., Berger, L.L., Drackley, J.K. et al. (2008). In: Soybeans – Chemistry, Production, and Utilization (ed. L.A. Johnson, P.J. White and R. Galloway), 615–617. Urbana IL and United Soybean Board, St. Louis, MO: AOCS Press.
- 11Félix, A.P., Carvalho, M.P., Alarça, L.G. et al. (2012). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 173 (3–4): 182–189.
10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.013 Google Scholar
- 12Menniti, M.F., Davenport, G.M., Shoveller, A.K. et al. (2014). J. Anim. Sci. 92 (5): 2094–2104.
- 13Olsen, R.L. and Hasan, M.R. (2012). Trends Food Sci. Technol. 27: 120–128.
- 14Lovell, R.T. (1988). In: Soybean Utilization Alternatives (ed. L. McCann), 235–245. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
- 15Amaya, E.A., Davis, D.A., and Rouse, D.B. (2007). J. Aquac. 28: 393–401.
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.015 Google Scholar
- 16Lim, S.-J., Kim, S.-S., Ko, G.-Y. et al. (2011). J. Aquac. 313 (1–4): 165–170.
- 17Klopfenstein, T. and Owen, F. (1988). In: Soybean Utilization Alternatives (ed. L. McCann), 227–234. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
- 18Sharma, S.K., Bansal, S., Mangal, M. et al. (2016). Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 56 (10): 1647–1661.
- 19Sipos, E.F. (1988). In: Soybean Utilization Alternatives (ed. L. McCann), 57–93. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
- 20Sloan, A.E. (1994). Food Technol. 48: 89.
- 21Alibhai, Z., Mondor, M., Moresoli, C. et al. (2006). Desalination 191 (1–3): 351–358.
- 22Pasupuleti, V.K. and Braun, S. (2010). In: Protein Hydrolysates in Biotechnology (ed. V.K. Pasupuleti and A.L. Demain), 11–32. Dordrecht: Springer.
- 23Jooyandeh, H. (2011). Middle East J. Sci. Res. 7 (1): 71–80.
- 24Sharif, M.K., Rizvi, S.S.H., and Paraman, I. (2014). LWT- Food Sci. Technol. 56 (2): 414–420.
- 25Peña, M.M., Martín-Belloso, O., and Welti-Chanes, J. (2018). Ultrason. Sonochem. 49: 154–160.
- 26Visser, A. and Thomas, A. (1987). Food Rev. Int. 3: 1.
10.1080/87559128709540806 Google Scholar
- 27Wolf, W.J. (1983). In: Handbook of Processing and Utilization in Agriculture, vol. II, Part 2 (ed. I.A. Wolff). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
- 28Shao, S., Duncan, A.M., Yang, R. et al. (2009). J. Funct. Foods 1 (1): 119–127.
- 29Devi, L.S., Devi, H.N., Karam, N., and Devi, T.S. (2018). J. Pharmacol. Phytochem. 7 (5): 998–1001.
- 30Beery, K.E. (1989). In: Vegetable Protein Utilization in Human Foods and Animal Feedstuffs (ed. T.H. Applewhite), 62–65. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 31Johnson, D.W. and Kikuchi, S. (1989). In: Vegetable Protein Utilization in Human Foods and Animal Feedstuffs (ed. T.H. Applewhite), 66–77. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 32Conti, J.P., Vinderola, G., and Esteban, E.N. (2019). J. Food Sci. Technol. 56 (2): 896–904.
- 33Klavons, J.A., Bennett, R.D., and Vannier, S.H. (1992). J. Food Sci. 57: 945.
- 34Lusas, E.W. and Rhee, K.C. (2015). In: Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization (ed. D.R. Erickson), 117–160. Urbana IL and United Soybean Board, St. Louis, MO: AOCS Press.
- 35Johnson, L.A., Meyers, D.J., and Burden, D.J. (1992). Inform 3: 282.
- 36Fitch Haumann, B. (1993). Inform 4: 1324.
- 37Johnson, L.A., Meyers, D.J., and Burden, D.J. (1992). Inform 3: 429.
- 38Gennadios, A. and Weller, C.L. (1991). Cereal Foods World 36: 1004.
- 39Gennadios, A., Brandenburg, A.H., Park, J.W. et al. (1994). Ind. Crop Prod. 2: 189.
- 40Pickard, M.D. (1993). In: Canola Meal Feed Industry Guide (ed. D. Hickling), 4–5. Winnipeg, MB: Canola Council of Canada.
- 41Youngs, C.G. and Wetter, L.R. (1969). Rapeseed Meal for Livestock and Poultry, Publ. No. 3, 2–3. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Rapeseed Association of Canada.
- 42Jones, J.D. (1979). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 56: 716.
- 43Bell, J.M. (1984). J. Anim. Sci. 58: 996.
- 44Hill, R. (1991). Nutr. Abstr. Rev., Series B. Livestock Feeds and Feeding (UK) 61 (139).
- 45 D. Hickling (ed.) (2001). Canola Meal Feed Industry Guide. Winnipeg, MB: Canola Council of Canada.
- 46Carré, P., Quinsac, A., Citeau, M., and Fine, F. (2015). Oilseeds and Fats Crops and Lipids 22 (3): D304.
- 47Mohamadzadeh, J., Sadeghi-Mahoonak, A., Yaghbani, M., and Aalami, M. (2009). World J. Dairy Food Sci. 4 (1): 14–18.
- 48Koubaa, M., Mhemdi, H., and Vorobiev, E. (2016). J. Food Eng. 182: 18–25.
- 49Mejicanos, G., Sanjayan, N., Kim, I.H., and Nyachoti, C.M. (2016). J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 58 (7): 1–13.
- 50Chen, X., Parr, C., Utterback, P., and Parsons, C.M. (2015). Poult. Sci. 94 (5): 984–991.
- 51Lichovníková, M., Zeman, L., and Jandásek, J. (2008). Czech J. Anim. Sci. 53 (2): 77–82.
- 52Khajali, F. and Slominsk, B.A. (2012). Poult. Sci. 91 (10): 2564–2575.
- 53Martineau, R., Ouellet, D.R., and Lapierre, H. (2013). J. Dairy Sci. 96: 1701–1714.
- 54McKinnon, P.J. and Christensen, D.A. (1989). In: Vegetable Protein Utilization in Human Foods and Animal Feedstuffs (ed. T.H. Applewhite), 449–462. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 55Tan, S.H., Mailer, R.J., Blanchard, C.L., and Agboola, S.O. (2011). J. Food Sci. 76 (1): R16–R28.
- 56Rinker, D.L. (1991). In: Mushroom Science XIII Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi, vol. II (ed. M.J. Maher), 781–789. Netherlands: A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
- 57Gattinger, L.D., Duvnjak, Z., and Khan, A.W. (1990). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 33: 21.
- 58Hassas-Roudsari, M., Chang, P.R., Pegg, R.B., and Tyler, R.T. (2009). Food Chem. 114 (2): 717–726.
- 59Brettonnet, A., Hewavitarana, A., DeJong, S., and Lanari, M.C. (2010). Food Chem. 121 (4): 927–933.
- 60Liebowitz, Z. and Ruckenstein, C. (2011). In: Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products (ed. D. Krezhova), 208–212. InTech.
- 61Dorrell, D.G. (1978). In: Sunflower Science and Technology (ed. J.F. Carter), 407–440. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
- 62Robertson, J.A. (1975). Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 6: 201.
- 63Talley, L.D., Brummett, J.C., and Burns, E.E. (1970). Proc. 4th Int. Sunflower Conf. (Memphis, Tennessee), 110–113. Memphis: National Cottonseed Products Assoc.
- 64Kinard, D.H. (1975). Feedstuffs, 26 (3 November).
- 65Florou-Paneri, P., Christaki, E., Giannenas, I. et al. (2014). J. Food Agric. Environ. 12 (2): 655–660.
- 66Alagawany, M., Farag, M.R., El-Hack, M.E.A., and Dhama, K. (2015). Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 3 (12): 634–648.
10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.12.634.648 Google Scholar
- 67Doty, H.O. (1978). In: Sunflower Science and Technology (ed. J.F. Carter), 457–488. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
- 68Chen, H., Cui, H., Zhang, M. et al. (2019). Food Bioproc. Tech. 12 (5): 809–819.
- 69Wildermuth, S.R., Young, E.E., and Were, L.M. (2016). Compr. Rev. Food Sci. F. 15: 829–843.
- 70Salgado, P.R., Drago, S.R., Ortiz, S.E.M. et al. (2012). LWT- Food Sci. Technol. 45 (1): 65–72.
- 71Perea-Moreno, M.A., Manzano-Agugliaro, F., and Perea-Moreno, A.J. (2018). Sustainability. 10: 3407.
- 72Eklund, E., Hatakka, A., Mustranta, A., and Nybergh, P. (1975). Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2: 143.
- 73Seiler, G.J. and Gulya, T.J. (2016). Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier.
- 74Chang, K.C. and Miyamato, A. (1992). J. Food Sci. 57: 1435.
- 75Miyamato, A. and Chang, K.C. (1992). J. Food Sci. 57: 1439.
- 76Xu, M., Qi, M., Goff, H.D., and Cui, S.W. (2019). Food Hydrocoll. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.04.053.
- 77Fehr, W.R. (1989). In: Oilcrops of the World: Their Breeding and Utilization (ed. G. Robbelen, R.K. Downey and A. Ashri), 363–374. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- 78Tufarelli, V., Vicenti, A., Ragni, M. et al. (2013). Iran. J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 3 (2): 243–247.
- 79Cherry, J.P. and Leffler, H.R. (1984). In: Cotton (ed. R.J. Kohel and C.F. Lewis), 511–569. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
- 80Redhead, J. (1989). Utilization of Tropical Foods: Tropical Oilseeds. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 47:5, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
- 81Khalaf, M.A. and Meleigy, S.A. (2008). Int. J. Agric. Biol. 10 (2): 185–190.
- 82Zhang, W., Xu, Z., Sun, J., and Yang, X. (2006). Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19 (9): 1314–1321.
- 83Lusas, E.W. and Jividen, G.M. (1987). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 64: 839.
- 84Aguieiras, E.C.G., de Barros, D.S.N., Fernandez-Lafuente, R., and Freire, D.M.G. (2019). Renew. Energy 130: 574–581.
- 85Nagalakshmi, D., Rao, S.V.R., Panda, A.K., and Sastry, V.R.B. (2007). J. Poultry Sci. 44 (2): 119–134.
- 86Li, M.H. and Robinson, E.H. (2006). N. Am. J. Aquacult. 68 (1): 14–22.
- 87Umar, M.S., Urmee, T., and Jennings, P. (2018). Renew. Energy 128 (A): 275–284.
10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.060 Google Scholar
- 88Okly, D.A. (1987). In: Proceedings of the 1987 International Oil Palm/Palm Oil Conference. Progress and Prospects, 434–437. Kuala Lampur: Malaysia.
- 89Salunkhe, D.K. and Desai, B.B. (1986). Postharvest Biotechnology of Oilseeds, 147–159. Baco Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
- 90Yeong, S.W. (1980). 1st Asian-Australian Animal Science Congress, 217–222. Malaysia: Serdang.
- 91Siew, W.L. (1989). PORIM Tech. 14: 111.
- 92 D.C.Y. Foo and M.K.T.A. Aziz (ed.) (2019). Green Technologies for the Oil Palm Industry, ix. Singapore: Springer.
- 93Tay, J.H. (1991). Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 5 (383).
- 94Abdeltawab, A.M. and Khattab, M.S.A. (2018). Asian J. Biol. Sci. 11 (4): 157–164.
- 95Shibata, M. and Osman, A.H. (1988). Jpn. Agricult. Res. Quart. 22: 235.
- 96Jayanegara, A., Ardhisty, N.F., Dewi, S.P. et al. (2019). Adv. Ani. Vet. Sci. 7 (3): 157–163.
- 97Ngan, M.A. and Ong, A.S.H. (1987). Potential Biomass Energy from Palm Oil Industry, PORIM Bulletin No. 14, Research Institute, Malaysia, pp. 10–15.
- 98Woodroof, J.G. (1979). Coconuts. Westport, CT: AVI Publishing Co.
- 99Moorthy, M. and Viswanathan, K. (2006). Int. J. Poult. Sci. 5 (11): 1040–1045.
10.3923/ijps.2006.1040.1045 Google Scholar
- 100Jaworski, N., Shoulders, J., González-Vega, J.C., and Stein, H.H. (2014). Profes. Ani. Scient. 30 (2): 243–251.
10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30108-X Google Scholar
- 101Nambiar, T.V.P. (1983). In: Coconut Research and Development (ed. N.M. Nayar), 245–253. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern.
- 102Banzon, J.A. (1984). Energy Agricul. 3: 337.
- 103George, J. (1983). In: Coconut Research and Development (ed. N.M. Nayar), 284–290. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern.
- 104Erwiyono, R. and Goenadi, D.H. (1990). Indonesian J. Crop. Sci. 5: 25.
- 105Tan, I.A.W., Ahmad, A.L., and Hameed, B.H. (2008). Chem. Eng. J. 137 (3): 462–470.
- 106Bhat, J.V. (1983). In: Coconut Research and Development (ed. N.M. Nayar), 259–273. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern.
- 107Salunkhe, D.K. and Desai, B.B. (1986). Postharvest Biotechnology of Oilseeds, 35–56. Baco Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
- 108Bhavanishankar, T.N., Rafashekaran, T., and Sreenivasa Murthy, V. (1987). Food Microbiol. 4: 121.
10.1016/0740-0020(87)90027-X Google Scholar
- 109Camargo, A.C., Regitano-d'Arce, M.A.B., Rasera, G.B. et al. (2017). Food Chem. 237: 538–544.
- 110Camargo, A.C., Vidal, C.M.M., Canniatti-Brazaca, S.G., and Shahidi, F. (2014). J. Agric. Food Chem. 62 (46): 11228–11235.
- 111Hill, G.M. and Utley, P.R. (1987). Nutr. Rep. Int. 36: 1363.
- 112Lindemann, M.D., Kornegay, E.T., and Moore, R.J. (1986). J. Anim. Sci. 62: 412.
- 113Salunkhe, D.K. and Desai, B.B. (1986). Postharvest Biotechnology of Oilseeds, 194–195. Baco Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
- 114Carola, C. (1985). In: Olive Oil Technology (ed. J.M. Moreno Martinez), 78–87. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
- 115Kiritsakis, A.K. (1990). Olive Oil, 80–85. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society.
- 116Chanioti, S. and Tzia, C. (2017). LWT- Food Sci. Technol. 79: 178–189.
- 117Cioffi, G., Pesca, M.S., De Caprariis, P. et al. (2010). Food Chem. 121 (1): 105–111.
- 118Johnson, L.A., Suleiman, T.M., and Lusas, E.W. (1979). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 56: 463.
- 119Salunkhe, D.K. and Desai, B.B. (1986). Postharvest Biotechnology of Oilseeds, 105–117. Baco Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
- 120Anilakumar, K.R., Pal, A., Khanum, F., and Bawa, A.S. (2010). Agri. Conspec. Sci. 75 (4): 159–168.
- 121Salunkhe, D.K. and Desai, B.B. (1986). Postharvest Biotechnology of Oilseeds, 171–186. Baco Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
- 122Bhatty, R.S. and Cherdkiatgumchai, P. (1990). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 67: 79.
- 123Jhala, A.J. and Hall, L.M. (2010). Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 49 (9): 4304–4312.
- 124Lovell, R.T. (1988). In: Soybean Utilization Alternatives (ed. L. McCann), 355–363. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
- 125Smith, K.J. (1998). In: Proceedings of the World Conference on Emerging Technologies in the Fats and Oils Industry (ed. A.R. Baldwin), 160–164. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 126Cherry, J.P., Gray, M.S., and Jones, L.A. (1981). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 58: 903.
- 127Cherry, J.P. and Kramer, W.H. (1989). In: Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses (ed. B.F. Szuhaj), 16–31. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society.
- 128Somogyi, L. (2005). In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 12. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
- 129List, G.R. (2015). In: Polar Lipids – Biology, Chemistry, and Technology (ed. M.U. Ahmad and X. Xu), 1–33. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press.
- 130Dashiell, G.L. (1990). In: Edible Fats and Oils Processing: Basic Principles and Modern Practices (ed. D.R. Erickson), 396–401. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 131Nieuwenhuyzen, W.V. and Tomás, M.C. (2008). Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 110 (5): 472–486.
- 132Cabezas, D.M., Diehl, B.W.K., and Tomáz, M.C. (2009). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 86: 189–196.
- 133Appl, R.C. (1989). In: Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses (ed. B.F. Szuhaj), 207–212. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society.
- 134List, G.R. (1989). In: Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses (ed. B.F. Szuhaj), 145–161. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society.
- 135Dashiell, G.L. (1989). In: Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses (ed. B.F. Szuhaj), 213–236. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society.
- 136Klang, V. and Valenta, C. (2011). J. Drug Del. Sci. Tech. 21 (1): 55–76.
- 137Sipos, E.F. (1989). In: Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses (ed. B.F. Szuhaj), 261–276. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society.
- 138Baker, C. (1989). In: Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses (ed. B.F. Szuhaj), 253–260. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society.
- 139Chagnon, M. and Ferris, J. (1989). In: Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses (ed. B.F. Szuhaj), 277–283. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society.
- 140Sander, E.H. (1989). In: Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses (ed. B.F. Szuhaj), 197–206. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society.
- 141Woerfel, J.B. (1998). In: Proceedings of the World Conference on Emerging Technologies in the Fats and Oils Industry (ed. A.R. Baldwin), 165–168. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 142Erickson, D.R. (1988). In: Soybean Utilization Alternatives (ed. L. McCann), 95–105. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
- 143Daniels, R.S. (1989). Can. Pat, 1, 256, 449.
- 144Fialho, E.T., Albino, L.F.T., and Blume, E. (1985). Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 20: 1419.
- 145Zilch, K. (1991). In: Introduction to Fats and Oils Technology (ed. P.J. Wan), 251–266. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 146Sonnlag, N.O.V. (1981). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 58: 155A.
- 147Hesseltine, C.W. and Koritala, S. (1987). Process Biochem. 22: 9.
- 148Cruz, M., Pinho, S.C., Mota, R. et al. (2018). Renew. Energy 124: 165–171.
- 149Pantoja, S.S., Mescouto, V.A., Costa, C.E.F. et al. (2019). Molecules 24 (1): 94.
10.3390/molecules24010094 Google Scholar
- 150Klein, J.M. (1998). In: Proceedings of the World Conference on Emerging Technologies in the Fats and Oils Industry (ed. A.R. Baldwin), 169–171. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 151Ong, J.T.L. (1983). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 60: 314.
- 152Svensson, C. (1976). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 53: 443.
- 153Blair, R., Gagnon, J., Salmon, R.E., and Pickard, M.D. (1986). Poult. Sci. 65: 2281.
- 154Janssen, W.M.M.A., Schagen, P.J.W., Siegerink, A.A., and Bisalsky, A.J.N. (1986). Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 88: 25.
- 155Su, C., Duan, L., Donat, F., and Anthony, E.J. (2018). Appl. Energy 210 (15): 117–126.
- 156Winter, R.L. (1998). In: Proceedings of the World Conference on Emerging Technologies in the Fats and Oils Industry (ed. A.R. Baldwin), 184–188. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 157Kim, S.K. and Rhee, J.S. (1982). Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 14: 174.
- 158Gavin, A.M. (1981). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 58: 175.
- 159Malekbala, M.R., Soltani, S.M., Hosseini, S. et al. (2017). Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 57 (14): 2935–2942.
- 160Maniet, G., Jacquet, N., and Richel, A. (2019). C. R. Chim. 22 (4): 347–353.
- 161Hennion, F.J. (1998). In: Proceedings of the World Conference on Emerging Technologies in the Fats and Oils Industry (ed. A.R. Baldwin), 172–183. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists' Society.
- 162Esmaeili, J. and Rahimpour, F. (2017). Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 42 (38): 24197–24204.