Photodynamic therapy for cancer: mechanisms, photosensitizers, nanocarriers, and clinical studies
Wanchen Zhao,
Liqing Wang,
Meihong Zhang,
Zhiqi Liu,
Chuanbin Wu,
Xin Pan,
Zhengwei Huang,
Chao Lu,
Guilan Quan,
Wanchen Zhao
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Wanchen Zhao, Liqing Wang and Meihong Zhang contributed equally in this work.
Search for more papers by this authorLiqing Wang
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Wanchen Zhao, Liqing Wang and Meihong Zhang contributed equally in this work.
Search for more papers by this authorMeihong Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Wanchen Zhao, Liqing Wang and Meihong Zhang contributed equally in this work.
Search for more papers by this authorZhiqi Liu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorChuanbin Wu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorXin Pan
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Zhengwei Huang
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Correspondence
Zhengwei Huang, Chao Lu, and Guilan Quan, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Chao Lu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Correspondence
Zhengwei Huang, Chao Lu, and Guilan Quan, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Guilan Quan
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Correspondence
Zhengwei Huang, Chao Lu, and Guilan Quan, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorWanchen Zhao,
Liqing Wang,
Meihong Zhang,
Zhiqi Liu,
Chuanbin Wu,
Xin Pan,
Zhengwei Huang,
Chao Lu,
Guilan Quan,
Wanchen Zhao
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Wanchen Zhao, Liqing Wang and Meihong Zhang contributed equally in this work.
Search for more papers by this authorLiqing Wang
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Wanchen Zhao, Liqing Wang and Meihong Zhang contributed equally in this work.
Search for more papers by this authorMeihong Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Wanchen Zhao, Liqing Wang and Meihong Zhang contributed equally in this work.
Search for more papers by this authorZhiqi Liu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorChuanbin Wu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorXin Pan
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Zhengwei Huang
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Correspondence
Zhengwei Huang, Chao Lu, and Guilan Quan, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Chao Lu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Correspondence
Zhengwei Huang, Chao Lu, and Guilan Quan, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Guilan Quan
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Correspondence
Zhengwei Huang, Chao Lu, and Guilan Quan, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a temporally and spatially precisely controllable, noninvasive, and potentially highly efficient method of phototherapy. The three components of PDT primarily include photosensitizers, oxygen, and light. PDT employs specific wavelengths of light to active photosensitizers at the tumor site, generating reactive oxygen species that are fatal to tumor cells. Nevertheless, traditional photosensitizers have disadvantages such as poor water solubility, severe oxygen-dependency, and low targetability, and the light is difficult to penetrate the deep tumor tissue, which remains the toughest task in the application of PDT in the clinic. Here, we systematically summarize the development and the molecular mechanisms of photosensitizers, and the challenges of PDT in tumor management, highlighting the advantages of nanocarriers-based PDT against cancer. The development of third generation photosensitizers has opened up new horizons in PDT, and the cooperation between nanocarriers and PDT has attained satisfactory achievements. Finally, the clinical studies of PDT are discussed. Overall, we present an overview and our perspective of PDT in the field of tumor management, and we believe this work will provide a new insight into tumor-based PDT.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
There are no conflict of interest to declare.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Not applicable.
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