New insights into immune cells in cancer immunotherapy: from epigenetic modification, metabolic modulation to cell communication
Sha Qin,
Bin Xie,
Qingyi Wang,
Rui Yang,
Jingyue Sun,
Chaotao Hu,
Shuang Liu,
Yongguang Tao,
Desheng Xiao,
Sha Qin
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorBin Xie
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorQingyi Wang
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorRui Yang
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorJingyue Sun
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorChaotao Hu
Regenerative Medicine, Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shuang Liu
Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Correspondence
Desheng Xiao and Yongguang Tao, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Shuang Liu, Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yongguang Tao
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South university, Changsha, Hunan, China
Correspondence
Desheng Xiao and Yongguang Tao, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Shuang Liu, Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Desheng Xiao
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Correspondence
Desheng Xiao and Yongguang Tao, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Shuang Liu, Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSha Qin,
Bin Xie,
Qingyi Wang,
Rui Yang,
Jingyue Sun,
Chaotao Hu,
Shuang Liu,
Yongguang Tao,
Desheng Xiao,
Sha Qin
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorBin Xie
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorQingyi Wang
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorRui Yang
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorJingyue Sun
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Search for more papers by this authorChaotao Hu
Regenerative Medicine, Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shuang Liu
Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Correspondence
Desheng Xiao and Yongguang Tao, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Shuang Liu, Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yongguang Tao
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South university, Changsha, Hunan, China
Correspondence
Desheng Xiao and Yongguang Tao, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Shuang Liu, Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Desheng Xiao
Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Correspondence
Desheng Xiao and Yongguang Tao, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Shuang Liu, Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and more effective ways of attacking cancer are being sought. Cancer immunotherapy is a new and effective therapeutic method after surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Cancer immunotherapy aims to kill tumor cells by stimulating or rebuilding the body's immune system, with specific efficiency and high safety. However, only few tumor patients respond to immunotherapy and due to the complex and variable characters of cancer immune escape, the behavior and regulatory mechanisms of immune cells need to be deeply explored from more dimensions. Epigenetic modifications, metabolic modulation, and cell-to-cell communication are key factors in immune cell adaptation and response to the complex tumor microenvironment. They collectively determine the state and function of immune cells through modulating gene expression, changing in energy and nutrient demands. In addition, immune cells engage in complex communication networks with other immune components, which are mediated by exosomes, cytokines, and chemokines, and are pivotal in shaping the tumor progression and therapeutic response. Understanding the interactions and combined effects of such multidimensions mechanisms in immune cell modulation is important for revealing the mechanisms of immunotherapy failure and developing new therapeutic targets and strategies.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
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