CSF levels of dihydrotestosterone were measured in 13 ALS patients [7 males and 6 females] and in 22 controls [12 males and 10 females], and we found that CSF dihydrotestosterone levels were significantly decreased in all the male and female ALS patients dihydrotestosterone probably plays a key role in ALS pathogenesis.

Recent technological advancements have allowed for a bidirectional connection of the prosthetic hand via intraneural electrodes in stump nerve trunks. No reports are available so far on modifications in brain function accompanying the use of a bidirectional hand prosthesis. We performed a multimodal neurophysiological and neuroimaging evaluation of brain functional changes occurring during training with a bidirectional hand prosthesis in five consecutive patients, and demonstrating brain functional changes related to the use of the prosthetic hand.

Vitamin D (VD) supplementation could improve the anxiety symptoms but not depressive symptoms in depressive patients with low VD level after the 6-month intervention.

Findings from this study demonstrate associations with PTSD and alcohol dependence symptom counts, as well as poor problem-solving ability in trauma-exposed individuals from families densely affected with alcohol dependence, depending on trauma type, FH density of alcoholism, and sex. This suggests that having a FH of alcohol dependence and exposure to trauma during adolescence may be associated with more PTSD and alcohol dependence symptoms, and poor problem-solving abilities in adulthood.

Age and education level were the key factors that affected the CDT scores. Normative data stratified for age and years of education were established. CDT total scores and subscores provided good discriminant validity for patients with acute ischemic stroke.

The addition of functional measures (ReHo and DegCen) to the structural measure (Vol) generally yielded statistically significant improvements to classification accuracy, compared to the use of the structural measure alone, across different problems of distinguishing between healthy controls (HC) and each diagnostic type of parkinsonism (PD, MSA, and PSP) and between different diagnostic types of parkinsonism.

ADC values are not capable to reflect histopathological features in myopathies.

Propofol multiple anesthesia may affect the learning and memory abilities of infants and young children. c-Abl plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. Propofol multiple anesthesia has no effect on learning and memory function by inhibiting the expression of c-Abl.

Body weight variability could be a potential risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, which may provide new insights for dementia prevention.

The concept of neurogenic dysphagia was first described as Hou Bi in the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, which is the first Chinese medical classic and origin of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. In different eras, the pathogenesis of neurogenic dysphagia was explained by three theories in TCM including wind-phlegm blocking collaterals, deficiency of liver and kidney-essence, and Qi-stagnation with static blood. In addition to the TCM prescriptions, acupuncture is characteristic and seems to be effective. However, the evidences of efficacy and safety from clinical trials are required.

The study shows the potential of using machine learning to distinguish drug-addicted patients from healthy subjects by using surface EEG and galvanic skin response data. The random forest algorithm shows the best performance comparing with support vector machine and logistic regression.

Young- and middle-aged C57BL/6 mice, aged 2 and 12 months, were exposed to 1,950-MHz RF-EMF at an absorption rate of 5.0 W/kg for 2 hr/day and 5 days/week for 8 months. We found an association between chronic RF-EMF exposure-induced behavioral improvement and hippocampal gene signature in middle-aged mice.

Confirmatory factor analysis showed the goodness of fit of 5 clusters of BPSD-T included a psychomotor syndrome (aggression, irritability, delusions, insomnia), an affective syndrome (apathy, repeating, anxiety, depression), a psychosis syndrome (misidentification, hallucinations), a behavior syndrome (hoarding, rummaging, wandering), and a euphoria syndrome (euphoria).

The effects of EBN on learning and memory function of multigenerational mice.

In national cross-sectional survey with largest participants in china, we pose serious challenges related to the high prevalence of psychological distress, find out major risk factors for them, and then offer evidence-based strategies to deal with the mental health problems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our research also provides evidences for other countries suffering from the COVID-19 to take public health interventions to relieve the public psychological pressure.

The epidemiology of Myasthenia Gravis in Sweden was explored in a register-based setting over the time period 2006–2016. The incidence and prevalence of Myasthenia Gravis in Sweden have increased over time, and the rates are high in comparison with many other countries.

This is a research of semiology of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. It mainly demonstrated the network of the version of head and eyes.

This study aimed to explore a shorter and safer contralateral C7 transposition pathway for the treatment of central upper limb paralysis. The distance of nerve transposition can be shortened by a posterior vertebral approach operation, where the contralateral C7 nerve can be anastomosed directly with the ipsilateral C7 nerve. In this approach, nerve transplantation is not needed and it is conducive to nerve regeneration and functional recovery.

The Bayesian Network using olfactory identification test showed good predictive ability for predicting dementia, which suggests potential causal pathway for further investigation. Identification of odor cinnamon might be a useful indicator for dementia screening.

In this register- and population-based cohort study of 12,309 older adults (age 70+) with hospital admission for a first-time hip fracture in 2013–2014, we found an increased 30-day postoperative mortality in patients with dementia. However, this excess mortality was not explained by the clinical factors examined (out-of-hours admission, surgery on weekends, anesthesia technique, and surgery volume per ward). Additionally, we found no difference in time to surgery by the patient's dementia status.

Our study validated that 6-OHDA could induce apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons via ROS-NLRP3 activation. ACP could inhibit this signal and protect dopaminergic neurons, which might be promising in research of PD therapeutics.

In focal cryptogenic epilepsy, morphological abnormalities often remain undetected at the macroscopic brain level. We use Multivariate Bayesian modeling analysis to link the spatial patterns of brain anatomy remodeling in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with their clinical phenotype. This approach allows detecting the regions which have an impact on the ongoing disease process. Our study could serve as proof-of-concept for the added value of topology analysis for detection of focal structural abnormalities in focal epilepsy that can be further implemented for other brain disorders.

This controlled clinical trial observed significant added benefit to reduce symptoms of insomnia with use of a closed-loop, acoustic stimulation neurotechnology that echoes tones linked to brainwaves (HIRREM), compared to a sham using randomly generated tones. There was also significant improvement in multiple measures of autonomic cardiovascular regulation, with durability to 4 months postintervention, and group differences for sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and sleep onset latency. Results suggest that this noninvasive, nondrug intervention could provide a viable alternative for moderate to severe insomnia.

This study identified the distinctive features of the clinic symptoms, MRI irregularity, and glucose metabolism on ¹⁸F-FDG-PET, which provided a new basis for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), MSA with predominant Parkinsonism (MSA-P), and MSA with predominant cerebellar features (MSA-C).

Assessment of lesion volume of infarcted tissue is often used in stroke trials to select patients most likely to benefit from thrombolysis. Here, we demonstrate that two simple diameter-based methods can accurately estimate lesion size with high sensitivity and specificity in the time-sensitive setting of acute stroke.

The incidence of DMS was 1.1% after stroke; all of these patients had Fregoli syndrome. The lesions were concentrated around the right uncinate fasciculus.

Memantine and donepezil are frequently used in its treatment, both as monotherapy and in combination. This multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of these regimens and placebo in the management of AD.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of direct intrahippocampal infusion of the calcium binding protein apoaequorin (AQ) on trace and context fear memory. Experiment 1 involved a single infusion prior to training and experiment 2 involved an infusion prior to training and testing. Trace and context fear memory were impaired in aged rats relative to adult rats. Direct intrahippocampal infusion of AQ prior to both conditioning and testing reversed the aging-related context fear memory deficits.

In depressed subjects treated with ECT (n = 40), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA+) levels did not change over treatment and we found no association between GABA+ levels and antidepressant response. However, change of GABA+ was associated with cognitive performance in a subset of patients (n = 24) who completed cognitive testing.

Both women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls exhibited an attention bias toward subjectively unattractive body parts when viewing the own and an obese body stimulus. The bias was more pronounced in AN when confronted with the obese stimulus. Both groups also gazed longer at body parts indicative of weight status.

This paper is path analysis method for explain mental health during pregnancy.

The current study reported a neural–physiological link that has not been previously discussed. Specifically, neural processing of music rhythm and the activity of parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) are significantly related across individuals. These results shed light a new research direction in music cognition.

In this cross-sectional survey of 204 Health Care Professionals (HCPs) from 13 states of India we found a high burden of depression and anxiety among young, unmarried HCPs serving COVID-19 patients. Further, we found that mental health distress negatively impacted overall quality of life. In countries like India where COVID-19 is rapidly spreading, there is an urgent need to safeguard the mental health of HCPs.

Seizures may in certain cases elicit acute edema which may represent an additional contributing factor in the cascade of events leading to SUDEP. We hypothesize that mild edema may especially progress to severe edema in certain patients e.g. those with sodium channel mutations which may represent an important mechanism to investigate in the context of understanding the significantly elevated risk of SUDEP in patients with SCN1A mutations.

Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 can be in any form, assessment of such symptoms should be taken into consideration when examining patients for possible COVID-19 infection.

Because there are many conflicting reports on the role of NO in learning and memory processes following brain injury, in this work, we induced hypoxia model in neonate rats as a sensitive period of synaptic plasticity formation on memory, and after exposing neonate rats to hypoxia, to evaluate the neuromodulatory effect of NO, we tested memory and histomorphometric changes in adult rat offspring in the presence of NO agonist and antagonist. Our main research findings were memory impairment and hippocampus cell atrophy in hypoxia rat, whereas the NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, significantly attenuated the negative effects of hypoxia on behavior and observed changes in the hippocampus.

One of the most disabling symptoms of demyelinating diseases, diagnosed in 29%–67% of patients with NMOSD, is cognitive dysfunction, with such processes as memory, processing speed, executive function, attention, and verbal fluency being predominantly affected. However, description of cognition in NMOSD patients is still a relatively new area of research. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cognitive impairment profile, neuropsychological tests used to examine NMOSD patients, clinical and demographical variables affecting cognition, and magnetic resonance imaging correlates.

In this study, we assessed decision making in manifest Huntington's disease (HD) and premanifest HD patients. We could show that jumping to conclusions is an early marker of cognitive dysfunction in premanifest HD patients prior to reaching criteria for the motor diagnosis of HD.

Using graph theory assessment and functional connectivity density (FCD) methods to investigate the insomnia-related alterations to the intrinsic connectome in patients with CID patients, we found that insufficient sleep during chronic insomnia widely affects cortical functional activities, including disrupted FCD and increased short-range FCD, which is associated with poor sleep quality.