Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) survey endorsed by the Council for Cardiology Practice and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). HF, heart failure ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARNi, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; BB, beta-blocker; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.

Heart failure (HF) duration and guideline-recommended therapy implementation. ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RASI, renin–angiotensin system inhibitor; SGLT2i, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.

Impact of guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure after left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement in arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy (AiCM). (A) Study flow chart. (B) Changes in renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) inhibitors and beta-blocker (BB) prescriptions after LVEF improvement. (C) Time-to-relapse curves based on treatment strategies. (D) Mean hazard rates of relapse (expressed in number of events per 100 patient-months) for each semester and treatment strategy. A Gaussian kernel local polynomial smoothing was employed for hazard function plotting. RASi, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor; wd, withdrawn.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy as a risk factor for heart failure. BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HELLP, haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count.

In a nationwide study, patients with autoimmune disease (AID), irrespective of type, had a higher associated rate of heart failure (HF) than matched individuals from the background population. AHA, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia; CLE, cutaneous lupus erythematosus; GPA, granulomatosis with polyangiitis; ITP, immune thrombocytopenic purpura; PsA, psoriatic and enteropathic arthropathy; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SSc, systemic or localized sclerosis.

The diagnostic performance of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) in 216 patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). The overall sensitivity of the first EMB was 38%, although it varied markedly depending on the extent and severity of the disease. Major complications were rare (<1%) and no deaths or permanent sequels were observed. Positive EMB was not an independent prognostic factor. AVB, atrioventricular block; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia.

Metabolic dysfunction and incident heart failure. CI, confidence interval; MetS, metabolic syndrome.

In this cohort study, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) was associated with a higher risk of heart failure (HF), specifically HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). There was a dose-dependent relationship between cardiometabolic risk factors and HF. CI, confidence interval; SHR, sub-distribution hazard ratio; SLD, steatotic liver disease.

Prognostic value of several alternative anthropometric measures in patients with non-ischaemic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The upper part of the figure describes the calculation of each of the anthropometric measures. The lower part of the figure shows the risk of mortality according to continuous body mass index (BMI) (left panel) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (right panel). The solid line represents the hazard ratio (HR) and the shaded area the 95% confidence interval (CI). The blue spline is adjusted for randomization. The red spline is adjusted for randomization, age, sex, cardiac resynchronization therapy (pre-existing or planned), trial centre, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, log of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, New York Heart Association functional class, duration of heart failure, a history of diabetes, and atrial fibrillation. BRI, body roundness index; BSI, body shape index; RFM, relative fat mass; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WWI, weight-adjusted-waist index.

Cardiovascular outcomes with exenatide in type 2 diabetes (T2D) according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): the EXSCEL trial. CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HHF, hospitalization for heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; NYHA, New York Heart Association.

Association between body mass index (BMI) and clinical outcomes in PARADISE-MI. (A) Histogram for BMI (kg/m²), (B) adverse events for BMI subgroups, and spline model curves for (C) the primary composite outcome and (D) cardiovascular (CV) death by BMI subgroups. Covariates were adjusted for age (years), pulmonary congestion, percutaneous coronary intervention, left ventricular ejection fraction (%) and hypertension.

Glycaemic status and diabetes in EMPACT-MI. HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction.

Mortality following high-risk myocardial infarction. CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; HR, hazard ratio; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.

The RevascHeart study. AHF, acute heart failure; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; OR, odds ratio; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.