Graphical abstract illustrating the therapeutic potential of exosomes secreted by various cell types in the repair of damaged testicular tissue. Exosomes, depicted as small vesicles, are released by different cell sources, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. These exosomes contain bioactive molecules such as growth factors, miRNAs, and proteins, which collectively contribute to the restoration of testicular tissue integrity.

The effects of CO₂-permeable aquaporins on an organism have so far predominantly been studied in higher organisms like mice and plants. We incorporated these aquaporins into unicellular cyanobacteria and the resulting enhanced CO₂ membrane diffusion led to phycobilisome state transitions and higher rates of photosynthetic linear electron transfer. Our results provide new insights into the photosynthesis mechanism of Cyanobacteria themselves and support the concept of CO₂-porins, which is still a matter of scientific debate.