We found that in tropical montane grasslands, an increase in 3°C in temperature by the year of 2100, will increase the proportion of species with entire leaves. As leaves with entire margins tend to exhibit lower transpiration surfaces, an increase in species with a water-saving strategy is expected in the future. We also showed that plants with toothed leaves tend to have higher leaf water potentials and stomatal conductance rates, making them more vulnerable to atmospheric droughts.

Nolana chapiensis exhibits self-incompatibility and relies on native pollinators to successfully set fruit. Temperature affects the anthesis process in Nolana chapiensis. All identified pollinators are solitary bees, with Andrenidae species being the most frequent at Nolana chapiensis flowers.

Highway noise worsens the edge effect.

Forest canopies are important for the maintenance of forest biodiversity and ecosystem function, yet are poorly studied. We reviewed canopy studies in Colombia as a case study for megadiverse tropical countries facing accelerated deforestation. We found that 50 years of research on forest canopies in Colombia were plant-focused, ground-based, and occurred primarily in the Andes, leaving major gaps in our understanding of forest biodiversity.