In inguinal adipose tissue, beige adipocytes are interspersed among white adipocytes and in close communication with dynamic populations of immune cells. Recent data have demonstrated that anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) increase thermogenic activity of beige adipocytes, although the mechanism is currently under debate. ILC2, cells via secretion, of methionine enkephalin peptide were found to be able to increase beige thermogenesis. Knights et al. have recently generated a whole-body knock-out of KLF3 (KLF3-/-) to explore its contribution to thermogenesis and weight gain in a diet-induced obesity animal model.

Fitzpatrick et al. describe how IgA secretion by B cells and plasma cells in the mengines is crucial for protection against microbial invasion into the brain and the CNS.

In the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, sharing the ongoing research findings could be the key to disease control and management. The objective of this review is to share the diagnostic performance of various immunological assays reported so far in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 case detection worldwide.

We demonstrate that serum amyloid A3 attenuates acute pancreatitis through inducing a receptor-interacting protein 3-dependent necroptosis pathway in acinar cells.

Our study shows that in human lymph nodes (LNs) CXCR5 expression by B cells is dynamically regulated. Our data suggest that the migration of B cells into different LN areas is associated with changes in CXCR5 expression, whether during migration of naïve B cells from the high endothelial venules into the perifollicular regions, during localization to primary follicles, during egress via cortical sinuses or during activation and subsequent differentiation processes.

Multiple myeloma growth is associated with altered phenotype and function of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the bone marrow. In this study, we showed that treatment with the ILC2-activating cytokine interleukin (IL)-33 inhibits type 1 immune responses to IL-12 and IL-18 and facilitates myeloma growth.

In this study, we showed that salt has an impact on the expression profile of macrophages as a reaction to compressive and tensile strain that occur during orthodontic tooth movement. This effect was mediated via nuclear factor of activated T cells-5 (NFAT-5), which seems to play a regulatory role in mechanotransduction of compressive strain.

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Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are an integral part of translational immunology and the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics. However, the analysis of antigen-specific B and T cells is often overlooked. This work describes and validates two assays for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of influenza virus-specific B and T cells in cynomolgus macaques as well as their applicability in other macaque species. It further demonstrates the use of a human cytometric bead array kit in detecting inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from cynomolgus macaques to assess cytokine/chemokine milieu. Collectively, our study defines novel and broadly applicable assays for the antigen-specific analysis of B and T cells in NHPs that could aid the development and translation of effective vaccines and therapeutics.

In this study, we found that treatment with lipoic acid (LA) resulted in a generally less inflammatory phenotype of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in healthy control and multiple sclerosis samples. Specifically, LA inhibited monocyte secretion of cytokines relevant to multiple sclerosis [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β]; effects on secretion of these cytokines in MDMs were mixed with inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6, but stimulation of IL-1β. Finally, LA inhibited phagocytosis in both monocytes and MDM, and increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in monocytes.