Structural analysis of phosphatidylcholine using a thin layer chromatography-based method

Guiwei Tan, Yinggang Tian, Min Addy, Yanling Cheng, Qinglong Xie, Bo Zhang, Yuhuan Liu, Paul Chen, and Roger Ruan

DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600282

The cover shows a new method to directly perform enzymatic hydrolysis reaction on a TLC plate. With a connection between two-dimensional chromatography and in situ enzymatichydrolysis, a TLC plate can play following roles: a separation tool, an enzymatic reaction carrier and an non-destructive identification tool. GC-MS chromatograms of fatty acids released from different positions of PC are attached as well.

The use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to measure changes in the oxirane content and iodine value of vegetable oils during epoxidation

Mohammad Hossein Tavassoli-Kafrani, Frederik R. van de Voort, and Jonathan M. Curtis

DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600354

Monitoring changes in iodine value (IV) and oxirane oxygen content during the epoxidation of vegetable oils by ATR-FTIR.

Wheat germ oil is a valuable by-product from wheat grain which is a good source of important nutraceuticals such as α- and β-tocopherol. Extraction of this oil from wheat germ is important for the effective utilization of its various potential nutraceuticals that have reported health benefits. This review also explains detailed chemical composition, processing, functional activities, and potential utilization of wheat germ oil.

Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are consisted of a lipophilic core (oil phase) where lipophilic bioactive compound is entrapped and hydrophilic shell (aqueous phase), and an amphiphilic interfacial layer composed of the emulsifier/surfactant. Nanoemulsions produced by both low- and high-energy methods are promising delivery systems to encapsulate and stabilize the lipophilic vitamins during food fortification and enhance their bioavailability. The challenges in production methods, factors affecting the stability, and the most recent studies on bioavailability evaluation of vitamins A, D, E encapsulated in oil-in-water nanoemulsions are covered in this review.

Step 1: Total lipids were applied to a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate, and then phosphatidylcholine (PC) is separated from other lipids. Step 2: Enzyme solution and wetting agent are applied to the PC band. Step 3: After in situ enzymatic reaction, PC is partly hydrolyzed into lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and free fatty acids (FFAs), and the hydrolysis rate are 87.7% (with 0.12 mL PLA₁ enzyme) and 84.8% (with 0.30 mL PLA₂ enzyme), respectively. Step 4: The TLC plate is rotated by 90°. Step 5: The FFAs released from PC are isolated from products mixtures by a second-dimensional chromatography.

The ATR-FTIR methods described in this paper provide a simple and rapid means of monitoring OOC and IV changes during the epoxidation of vegetable oils. These methods are calibrated against standard titrimetric procedures and have been shown to produce similar results. It is especially useful that OOC and ΔIV, the two measures that are most relevant for monitoring the progress of a triacylglycerol oil epoxidation reaction, can be obtained from a single analysis. This facilitates monitoring and optimizing epoxidation processes. If the initial IV of oil is known, the method can also be used to calculate the yield, conversion, and selectivity of the reaction, as well as a study the reaction kinetics.

Added quercetin or rutin acted as an antioxidant in stripped soybean oils and as a prooxidant in non-stripped soybean oils. Quercetin and rutin increased the moisture content in stripped oils, but not in non-stripped oils. Quercetin and rutin accelerated the decomposition of α-tocopherol in both stripped and non-stripped oils. The oxidative stability of oils containing tocopherols and phenolic compounds depended on the stripping process.

Both linoelaidic acid and elaidic acid induced HUVECs apoptosis and increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins. However, supplementation of TFAs to MβCD-treated cells increased the cell viability and significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells. Moreover, linolelaidic acid induces a stronger lesion effect on HUVECs by lipid rafts mediation compared to elaidic acid.

Rapeseed hull oil has a remarkably high content of alpha-tocopherol and sterols. It was shown that organic solvent nanofiltration is a process, which can be used for a partial separation of sterols and triglycerides. An enrichment by a factor of five is possible, leading to oils with such a high sterol concentration that crystallization occurred.

The forming mechanism of the GA modified liposome in this chart was as follows: the water insoluble GA dissolved in the PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate and the organic phase of phospholipids was put into the water phase at the same time, the phospholipid molecules wrapped the GA in the bilayers and the PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate was bonded to the hydrophilic group of liposome vesicles. This structure made the liposome more smaller and higher encapsulation efficiency, and it also brought a prolonged release rate and better drug deposition in epidermis compare with the non-modified ones.

Compared to bovine loin muscle, bovine shoulder and rump muscles tend to have higher concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) and the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). This is healthful for many people in that shoulder and rump muscles are less expensive beef which is eaten by millions of people as ground/minced beef in foods such as hamburgers, tacos, and empanadas; thus, providing a practical source of omega-3 fatty acids for people who seldom eat expensive sources such as salmon and tuna.

A DL-like product with pre-emulsified pecan oil as fat source was developed. Pecan oil-DL showed physicochemical and rheological characteristics similar to those of commercial DL containing ∼6% milk fat. DL fatty acid (FA) profile showed high content of unsaturated FA (UFA, 89–90% w/w), mainly oleic and linoleic acids, effectively protected by both tocopherols and antioxidant compounds. Pecan oil-DL presented good sensorial characteristics, with 82.6% less saturated FA and 200% more UFA than a traditional milk fat-product, being an alternative product with lipid profile enriched in unsaturated fatty acids.

Triazine pesticides often contaminate the seeds and hence will be transferred into the oils during the extraction process. For trace determination of triazines in edible oil, 1 mL edible oil was diluted with 4 mL n-hexane in conical tube and 40 µL DMSO was added. The mixture was rapidly aspirated into a 10-mL glass syringe and then injected into the tube (4 times) to form a cloudy solution. The method showed low limits of detection and quantification between 0.02 to 0.09 and 0.07 to 0.30 µg/L, respectively. Extraction recoveries were in the range of 74–96%.

Thermal pre-treatment is currently being used in oilseeds pre-processing, but very little researches studied its effect on color change and oxidative state of oil. Although rapeseed thermal pre-treatment can cause a number of positive quality changes, such as an increase of bioactive compounds, the results should be interpreted with caution since application of too harsh heating conditions may result in unsaturated fatty acids degradation, lipid oxidation, or undesirable color change.

This work evaluated the fluid dynamic as a classical method to confirm the determination of the thermophysical properties of different commercial olive oils.

Fractions of rapeseed oil deodorizer distillate rich in phenolic compounds were investigated for their potential use as antioxidants in rapeseed oil. The isolated compounds effectively inhibited lipid oxidation in the dark and under light. In the presence of tocopherol, the addition of the dimer increased the oxidative stability considerably at low tocopherol and high vinly syringol dimer concentrations. The addition of polyphenolic rich fractions of the deodorizer distillate to commercial rapeseed oil resulted in slightly accelerated lipid oxidation in the dark at 40°C but did not influence the formation of hydroperoxides under light at 25°C.

Taking into account the bioactive and healthy properties of alkylglycerols (AKG) and the antioxidant rosemary extract (RE), the production of a cooked meat product with partial replacement of animal fat by AKG-rich oil and inclusion of RE was performed. Meat products combining both bioactive ingredients might be produced, without compromising the oxidative stability and with potential healthier and functional interest.

The hazelnut and maize germ “milks” are promising novel products while sesame seed “milk” can be used as raw material for other applications.

We investigated effects of dietary bioactive components and biopolymer encapsulation on lipids’ metabolism in obese mice. Bio-active components could enhance the effect of body and adipose tissue weight reduction in obese mice models. Dietary bio-active compounds together with biopolymer encapsulated lipids showed a great reduction in serum triglycerides and cholesterol.

β-Sitosterol is more effective in reducing plasma cholesterol by displacing cholesterol from micelles than sesamin.

The formation of hydroxyalkylethers from epoxidized fatty esters and alkyl glycosides are catalyzed by Er(OTf)₃ at room temperature with good yields and high selectivity versus transesterification.