Dopamine induces in the circular muscle layer, mainly muscular contraction via non-neural D1-like receptors, coupled to PLC/IP3 pathway and in the longitudinal muscle layer, muscular relaxation via nonneural D2-like receptors, leading to the increase in K+ conductance.

In this study, we demonstrated that 3 sessions per week of acupuncture improved the PDS symptoms and quality of life compared to 1 session of per week acupuncture. Acupuncture treatment for 4 weeks was feasible and safe.

Duodenal mast cells infiltration and their interaction with submucosal nerves.

Losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker eliminates visceral allodynia and colonic hyperpermeability in rat model of irritable bowel syndrome.

Methodology used in the manuscript includes the videofluoroscopy (VFS) to evaluate VFS signs of safety and efficacy of swallow, and the timing of the oropharyngeal swallow response; and pharyngeal sensory evoked potentials (PSEP) to electrical stimulation to measure the latency and amplitude of PSEP peaks.

Three major efforts were made in optimizing SNS: (1) to determine the best stimulation duration; (2) to determine the best stimulation position; (3) to determine the best stimulation parameters. Bipolar stimulation for 1 hour daily using intermittent 5 Hz parameters is most effective in improving colonic inflammation.

A significant difference in functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) measurements with and without endoscope presence was found at the esophagogastric junction. Our study underlines the importance of establishing a standardized FLIP protocol for overall comparability and for guidance of future FLIP diagnostic studies.

This study showed differences in duodenal contractility, gastrointestinal transit, and morphology among BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice strains evaluated in vivo. These results contribute to the choice of the most appropriate animal model for gastrointestinal physiology studies.

Chronic psychological stress decreases GR expression in the CeA and leads to viscero-somatic hypersensitivity. Pre-exposure to EE prevents stress-induced decrease in GR and persistently blocks viscero-somatic hypersensitivity in a rodent model

The Spanish version of ESS showed reasonable reliability for the evaluation of patients with any cause of dysphagia, although its interpretation should be conservative. The development and psychometric validation of new dysphagia scoring tools is needed.

The Motilis 3D-Transit system allows ambulatory description of transit patterns throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Using the 3D-transit system, we have established normative values for gastric motility patterns. Gastric emptying time was not associated with age, gender, BMI, or the minor differences in the composition of the meal given with the capsule. In contrast, the contraction frequency was affected by gender and age while position and rotation amplitudes were associated with gender, BMI, and calorific content of the meal. This has to be considered when future studies with the 3D-Transit system are designed.

Fecal metabolic profiling of patients with IBS-D was clearly differentiated from that of healthy controls administered laxatives or not. Five disease-relevant potential biomarkers (cadaverine, putrescine, threonine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine) were found in patients with IBS-D, excluding the effects of fast colon transit. It provides fundamental information for developing novel therapies for IBS-D.

The possible mechanism of the 11 cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of achalasia. Both pro-and anti-inflammatory pathways are activated in achalasia, while proinflammatory pathways dominate in the immune imbalance. Besides, the fibroplasia accelerates the progress of the immune reaction.