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Manual of Clinical Microbiology
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Karen C. Carroll
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology,
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland
Michael A. Pfaller
Departments of Pathology and Epidemiology (Emeritus),
University of Iowa, Iowa City, and JMI Laboratories,
North Liberty, Iowa
VOLUME EDITORS
James A. Karlowsky
Clinical Microbiology, Diagnostic Services, Shared Health and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,
Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Marie Louise Landry
Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine,
Yale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut
Alexander J. McAdam
Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Boston Children’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
Robin Patel
Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory,
Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, Minnesota
Bobbi S. Pritt
Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,
Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, Minnesota
SECTION EDITORS
Esther Babady
Section IV—Virology and Section V—Antiviral Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Medicine,
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,
New York, New York
Matthew J. Binnicker
Section IV—Virology and Section V—Antiviral Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,
Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, Minnesota
Marc R. Couturier
Section VIII—Parasitology
University of Utah/ARUP Laboratories,
Pathology/Infectious Disease Microbiology,
Salt Lake City, Utah
Stephen Dumler
Section II—Bacteriology
Joint Departments of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Joint Pathology Center,
Bethesda, Maryland
Elizabeth M. Johnson
Section VI—Mycology and Section VII— Antifungal Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
United Kingdom National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health England,
Bristol, United Kingdom
Nathan A. Ledeboer
Section I—Diagnostic Strategies and General Topics
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Elisabeth Nagy
Section II—Bacteriology
Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged,
Szeged, Hungary
Jean B. Patel
Section III—Antibacterial Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
Scientific Affairs, Beckman Coulter,
West Sacramento, California
Benjamin A. Pinsky
Section IV—Virology and Section V—Antiviral Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
Departments of Pathology and Medicine,
Stanford University School of Medicine,
Stanford, California
Johnann Pitout
Section II—Bacteriology
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary,
and Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Gary W. Procop
Section VIII—Parasitology and Section IX—Antiparasitic Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
The American Board of Pathology,
Tampa, Florida
Patricia J. Simner
Section II—Bacteriology
Department of Pathology,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland
Yi-Wei Tang
Section IV—Virology
Medical Affairs, Danaher Diagnostic Platform/Cepheid,
Shanghai, China
Christine Y. Turenne
Section II—Bacteriology
Clinical Microbiology, Diagnostic Services, Shared Health and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,
Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Sean X. Zhang
Section VI—Mycology and Section VII—Antifungal Agents and Susceptibility Test Methods
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology,
The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland
CONTRIBUTORS
Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Amy L. Leber
Department of Laboratory Medicine
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
Carey-Ann D. Burnham
Department of Pathology and Immunology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
SECTION EDITORS
Vickie S. Baselski
Section 1—Procedure Coding, Reimbursement, and Billing Compliance
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Memphis, Tennessee
Marc R. Couturier
Section 11—Parasitology
Pathology/Infectious Disease Microbiology
University of Utah/ARUP Laboratories
Salt Lake City, Utah
Alexander L. Greninger
Section 14—Molecular Techniques
Department of Laboratory Medicine
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Amanda T. Harrington
Section 3—Aerobic Bacteriology and Section 5—Blood Culture
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Loyola University Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Richard L. Hodinka
Section 12—Viruses and Chlamydiae
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Romney M. Humphries
Section 7—Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, Tennessee
Section 15—Epidemiologic and Infection Control Microbiology
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Department of Pathology
Baltimore, Maryland
Andrea J. Linscott
Section 2—Specimen Collection, Transport, and Acceptability
Department of Pathology
Ochsner Medical Center
New Orleans, Louisiana
Shawn R. Lockhart
Section 10—Mycology and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
Mycotic Diseases Branch
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, Georgia
Erin McElvania
Section 5—Blood Culture and Section 6—MALDI-TOF MS
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
NorthShore University HealthSystem
Evanston, Illinois
Brian Mochon
Section 8—Aerobic Actinomycetes
Banner Gateway Medical Center/Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center
Infectious Diseases Division, Laboratory Sciences of Arizona, Banner Health, and
Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine,
Gilbert, Arizona
Samia N. Naccache
Section 14—Molecular Techniques
Microbiology
LabCorp Diagnostic Laboratories
Seattle, Washington
Bobbi S. Pritt
Section 11—Parasitology
Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Ryan F. Relich
Section 17—Biohazards and Safety
Indiana University School of Medicine
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Indianapolis, Indiana
Marie-Claire Rowlinson
Section 18—Bioterrorism
Bacterial Diseases
Wadsworth Center
New York State Department of Health
Albany, New York
Linoj P. Samuel
Section 16—Quality Assurance, Quality Control, Laboratory Records, and Water Quality
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Henry Ford Hospital
Detroit, Michigan
Michael A. Saubolle
Section 8—Aerobic Actinomycetes
Banner-University Medical Center Phoenix
Infectious Diseases Division, Laboratory Sciences
of Arizona, Banner Health, and Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, College of Medicine
Phoenix, Arizona
Audrey N. Schuetz
Section 4—Anaerobic Bacteriology
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Patricia J. Simner
Section 7—Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Department of Pathology
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Elitza S. Theel
Section 13—Serology
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Huanyu Wang
Section 2—Specimen Collection, Transport, and Acceptability
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
Alice S. Weissfeld
Section 1—Procedure Coding, Reimbursement, and Billing Compliance
Microbiology Specialists, Inc.
Houston, Texas
Nancy L. Wengenack
Section 9—Mycobacteriology and Antimycobacterial Susceptibility Testing
Division of Clinical Microbiology,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Nathan P. Wiederhold
Section 10—Mycology and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
Departments of Pathology and Medicine/Infectious Diseases University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
Melanie L. Yarbrough
Section 3—Aerobic Bacteriology
Department of Pathology and Immunology
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri
CONTRIBUTORS
Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Fourth Edition
Peter H. Gilligan, Ph.D, has been Associate Director and now Director of the Clinical Microbiology-Immunology Laboratories at the University of North Carolina Hospitals for the past 30 years. During that time he has been highly engaged in educating health care providers at all levels in clinical aspects of medical microbiology. An ABMM-board certified microbiologist, he received his Ph.D. in Microbiology from the University of Kansas followed by a Medical Microbiology and Public Health Fellowship at the University of North Carolina Hospitals. His research interests are in the laboratory diagnosis of emerging pathogens, particularly in agents of chronic lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients.
Daniel S. Shapiro, M.D., a board-certified infectious diseases specialist, spent 20 years as the director of clinical microbiology laboratories at hospitals in the Boston area (Lahey Clinic; Boston Medical Center and its predecessor institutions Boston City Hospital and Boston University Hospital) prior to becoming Chair of Internal Medicine at the University of Nevada School of Medicine in Reno. A graduate of M.I.T., following his internal medicine residency at Massachusetts General Hospital he completed fellowships in both infectious diseases and clinical microbiology at the University of North Carolina Hospitals, where he trained in Dr. Gilligan’s laboratory. His area of particular interest is zoonotic infections.
Melissa B. Miller, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine. She is Director of the Molecular Microbiology Laboratory and Associate Director of the Microbiology-Immunology Laboratory for UNC Health Care. Dr. Miller received her Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from Princeton University and completed the Medical and Public Health Microbiology Fellowship at the UNC Hospitals. Her research focus is in microbial epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance and the development and assessment of molecular diagnostic assays for the detection of pathogens.