The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology
Editors & Contributors
Editor-in-Chief
Wenda Trevathan is a biological anthropologist whose research focuses on the evolutionary and biocultural factors underlying human reproduction including childbirth, maternal behavior, sexuality, and menopause. Her primary publications are works on the evolution of childbirth and evolutionary medicine and include Ancient Bodies, Modern Lives: How Evolution Has Shaped Women's Health (2010) and Human Birth: An Evolutionary Perspective (1987 and 2011). She is a co-editor of two collections of works on evolutionary medicine (Oxford University Press, 1999 and 2008) and for the past twenty years has co-authored two major textbooks in biological anthropology. Wenda is the recipient of several awards including the 2016 Franz Boas Distinguished Achievement Award from the Human Biology Association, the W. W. Howells Book Award (for Ancient Bodies), the Margaret Mead Award from the American Anthropological Association, a Fulbright Lectureship Award to the Philippines, a Resident Scholar Award from the School for Advanced Research in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and several awards for teaching and research at New Mexico State University. She taught biological anthropology for 30 years at New Mexico State University.
Senior Associate Editor
Matt Cartmill is a Professor and former Chair of Anthropology at Boston University and an emeritus Research Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology at Duke University. His current research encompasses functional and comparative anatomy of primates and other mammals, and the history and philosophy of science. The author of over 200 publications, including The Human Lineage (with F. H. Smith), he has edited the American Journal of Physical Anthropology and the International Journal of Primatology and two Wiley-Blackwell book series in biological anthropology (with K. Brown).
Associate Editors
Darna L. Dufour is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Colorado Boulder. Current areas of research are dietary transitions, cassava as a staple food, and the energetics of lactation. Recent publications include Dufour DL, Bender RL. “Local trends in diet in urban Colombia: Little evidence of a nutrition transition among low-income women.” American Journal of Human Biology 27(1):106–115, 2015; Dufour DL, Goodman AH, Pelto GH, eds. Nutritional Anthropology: Biocultural Perspectives on Food and Nutrition. NY: Oxford University Press, 2013; and Ice G, Dufour DL, Stevens NJ. Disasters in Field Research. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
Clark Spencer Larsen is Distinguished University Professor at Ohio State University. His research pertains to the last 10,000 years of human evolution, focusing on the history of health and lifestyle. His recent publications include Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton (Cambridge University Press, 2015); Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (W.W. Norton, 2017); (with John L. Brooke) The Nurture of Nature: Genetics, Epigenetics, and Environment in Human Biohistory, American Historical Review, 119:1500-1513, 2014; and (with Marin Pilloud) “Official” and “Practical” Kin: Inferring Social and Community Structure from Dental Phenotype at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145:519–530, 2011.
Dennis H. O'Rourke is Foundation Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the University of Kansas. An anthropological geneticist, his research uses ancient DNA methods to test hypotheses relating to regional population history, prehistoric migrations and dispersals, and the documentation of molecular diversity in archaeofaunal and archaeobotanical materials. Most recently his research has focused on the North American arctic. His recent publications include Tackney, J., B.A. Potter, J. Raff, M. Powers, S. Watkins, D. Warner, J.D. Reuther, J.D. Irish, and D.H. O'Rourke “Two Contemporaneous Mitogenomes from Terminal Pleistocene Burials in Eastern Beringia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 112 no. 45 (2015): 13833-13838; Tackney, J., J.B. Coltrain, J. Raff and D.H. O'Rourke. “Ancient DNA and Stable Isotopes: Windows on Arctic Prehistory.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. : Oxford University Press, 2016. O. Mason and M. Friesen, eds.; and Hoffecker, J.F., S.A. Elias, D.H. O'Rourke, G.R. Scott and N.H. Bigelow “Beringia and the global dispersal of modern humans.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 25, no. 2 (2016): 64–78.
Karen Rosenberg is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Delaware. A paleoanthropologist, she has studied fossils from all over the world and has published on Neandertals, the origin of modern humans and the evolution of modern human childbirth. Most recently, she has co-edited (with Wenda Trevathan) Costly and Cute: Helpless Infants and Human Evolution and (with Jeremy DeSilva) two Special Issues of The Anatomical Record devoted to the morphology, function and evolution of the human pelvis.
Karen B. Strier is Vilas Research Professor and Irven DeVore Professor of Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She is an international authority on the endangered northern muriqui monkey, which she has been studying in the Brazilian Atlantic forest since 1982. Her pioneering, long-term field research has been critical to conservation efforts on behalf of this species, and has been influential in broadening comparative perspectives on primate behavioral and ecological diversity. She has authored or co-authored more than 100 journal articles and book chapters, and is the author of Faces in the Forest: The Endangered Muriqui Monkeys of Brazil, and of Primate Behavioral Ecology, 5th edition.
Contributors
Sabrina C. Agarwal
University of California, Berkeley, USA
Skeletal biology in anthropology
James C. M. Ahern
University of Wyoming, USA
Sahelanthropus
Shauhin Alavi
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
Foraging strategies
Kristina B. Altes
Mercyhurst University, USA
Bertillon, Alphonse
Susan C. Antón
New York University, USA
Camper, Petrus
Homo, early
Von Koenigswald, Gustav Heinrich Ralph
Stefan Arvidsson
Linnæus University, Sweden
Aryan: conceptual history
Sheela Athreya
Texas A&M University, USA
East Asian fossil record
Benjamin M. Auerbach
The University of Tennessee, USA
Peopling of the New World
Katherine Barrett
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Growth hormones
Thad Q. Bartlett
The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
Territory
David R. Begun
University of Toronto, Canada
Dryopithecus
Hominoidea
Sivapithecus
Traci A. Bekelman
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
Catch-up growth
Stunting and wasting
Richard L. Bender
University of Colorado Boulder, USA
Body fat patterning
Energetics
Lee R. Berger
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Malapa
Carol M. Berman
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA
Kinship
Robin M. Bernstein
University of Colorado Boulder, USA
Growth, evolution of
Models of growth for humans and nonhuman primates
Michelle Bezanson
Santa Clara University, USA
Prehensile tail
Francesca Bigoni
University of Florence, Italy
Karyotype
Alan H. Bittles
Edith Cowan University, Australia; Murdoch University, Australia
Random mating and assortative mating
Michael Black
University of California, Berkeley, USA
Osteological landmarks
Elizabeth Blue
University of Washington, USA
Gene/QTL mapping
Noel T. Boaz
Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Integrative Centers for Science and Medicine, USA
Zhoukoudian
Ryan J. Bohlender
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
Coalescent theory
Carrie Bohne
Mercyhurst University, USA
Bertillon, Alphonse
Jesper L. Boldsen
University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Age estimation (skeleton)
Osteological paradox
Carola Borries
Stony Brook University, USA
Infanticide
Sarah A. Boyle
Rhodes College, USA
Deforestation
Daniel E. Brown
University of Hawaii at Hilo, USA
Human biological variation, measuring
Kaye Brown
Boston University, USA
Human uniqueness
Michael W. Bruford
Cardiff University, UK
Primate conservation genetics
Jane E. Buikstra
Arizona State University, USA
Angel, John Lawrence
Hrdlička, Aleš
Paleopathology
Henry T. Bunn
University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
Olduvai Gorge
Michele R. Buzon
Purdue University, USA
Health and well-being, history of
Luis L. Cabo
Mercyhurst University, USA
Forensic anthropology
Taphonomy
Lucía Calleros
Universidad de la República, Uruguay
Pleiotropy
Noël Cameron
Loughborough University, UK
Secular trends
Skeletal age
Tanner, J. M.
Terence D. Capellini
Harvard University, USA
Conserved regions (human accelerated regions)
Kelsey Carpenter
Mercyhurst University, USA
Bertillon, Alphonse
Matt Cartmill
Duke University, USA; Boston University, USA
Binocular vision
Broom, Robert
Coon, Carleton
Fischer, Eugen
Hill, William Charles Osman
Hominidae: conceptual history
Homology
Human uniqueness
Jones, Frederic Wood
Monophyly
Morton, Dudley J.
Nomenclature: usage
Osborn, Henry Fairfield
Owen, Richard
Primate origins
Primates: conceptual history
Pycraft, William P.
Simpson, George Gaylord
Straus, William L.
Synapomorphy
Tappen, Neil C.
Taxonomy and classification: conceptual history
Teleki, Geza P.
Rachel Caspari
Central Michigan University, USA
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich
Leakey, L. S. B.
Leakey, Mary
Polygenism
Race: conceptual history
Santiago Cassalett
New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, USA; Graduate Center of the City University of New York, USA
Diets (primates)
Colin A. Chapman
McGill University, Canada
Habitat use
Lakshmi H. Chennu
North Carolina State University, USA
Hands (primate)
Emily M. Chester
Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Reproductive maturation, human
Angela L. Clark
University of Otago, New Zealand
Physiological stress
Elizabeth S. Clausing
University of California, San Diego, USA
Epigenetics
Zachary Cofran
Vassar College, USA
Ontogeny
Robust australopithecines
Mary E. Cole
The Ohio State University, USA
Skeletal histomorphometry
Anthony G. Comuzzie
Texas Biomedical Research Institute, USA
Polygenic
Audrey Constantino
Mercyhurst University, USA
Bertillon, Alphonse
Yves Coppens
Collège de France, France
Arambourg, Camille
Bordes, François
Boule, Marcellin
Marina Cords
Columbia University, USA
Kummer, Hans
Margaret Corley
Yale University, USA
Alloparental behavior
Libby Cowgill
University of Missouri, USA
Cross-sectional geometry
Murray P. Cox
Massey University, New Zealand
Molecular clock
Michael H. Crawford
University of Kansas, USA
Anthropological genetics
Lasker, Gabriel
Pearl, Raymond
Population structure
Douglas E. Crews
The Ohio State University, USA
Aging/senescence
Baker, Paul T
David J. Daegling
University of Florida, USA
Functional morphology, skull
Sarah Davis
University of St Andrews, UK
Social learning
Bonita de Klerk
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Malapa
María de Lourdes Muñoz
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
Regulatory elements/regulatory genes
Thea de Wet
University of Johannesburg, South Africa
Biological determinism
Sharon N. De Witte
University of South Carolina, USA
Paleodemography
Cristina B. Dejean
Universidad Maimónides, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Genetic markers (SNPs/Satellites/STRs/RFLPs)
Valerie Burke DeLeon
University of Florida, USA
Fluctuating asymmetry
Lucas K. Delezene
University of Arkansas, USA
Hominin dental evolution
Ellen Wrchota Demerath
University of Minnesota School of Public Health, USA
Adiposity
Jeremy M. DeSilva
Dartmouth College, USA
Bipedalism
Mosaic evolution
Leslie Digby
Duke University, USA
Cooperative breeding
Dennis Dirkmaat
Mercyhurst University, USA
Forensic anthropology
Taphonomy
Wendy Dirks
Durham University, UK
Dental development (primate)
Denise Donlon
University of Sydney, Australia
Mass disasters (Australia)
Darna L. Dufour
University of Colorado Boulder, USA
Essential amino acid
Valérie Dufour
Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, France
Cognition (primate)
Tosha L. Dupras
University of Central Florida, USA
Forensic archaeology
Crystal L. Egelkamp
Lincoln Park Zoo, USA
Behavioral and cognitive research in primates
Dan T. A. Eisenberg
University of Washington, USA
Chromosome
Copy number variants (CNVs)
George T. H. Ellison
University of Leeds, UK; University of Johannesburg, South Africa
Biological determinism
Peter T. Ellison
Harvard University, USA
Reproductive ecology
Amanda L. Ellwanger
The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
Ethnoprimatology
Lauren K. Emer
North Carolina State University, USA
Sociosexual behavior (nonhuman primates)
Wendy M. Erb
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
Demography in primatology
Paul A. Erickson
Saint Mary's University, Canada
Phrenology
Dean Falk
Florida State University, USA
Dart, Raymond
Darwin, Charles R.
Lars Fehren-Schmitz
University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
Isolation by distance
Dreana Ferguson
Mercyhurst University, USA
Bertillon, Alphonse
Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
Yale University, USA
Alloparental behavior
Maria J. Ferreira da Silva
Cardiff University, UK; University of Lisbon, Portugal; Porto University, Portugal
Primate conservation genetics
Gonzalo Figueiro
Universidad de la República, Uruguay
Pleiotropy
Kori Lea Filipek
Durham University, UK
Bioarchaeology of infectious diseases
John Fleagle
Stony Brook University, USA
DeVore, Irven
Platyrrhine evolution
Gino Fornaciari
University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
Mummies
Jonathan Friedlaender
Temple University, USA
Howells, W. W.
Agustín Fuentes
University of Notre Dame, USA
Niche construction
Paul A. Garber
University of Illinois at Urbana, USA
Kinzey, Warren
Alba García De La Chica
University of Barcelona, Spain
Alloparental behavior
Evan M. Garofalo
The University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, USA
Radiography/nondestructive analysis
Skeletal growth
Heather Garvin
Mercyhurst University, USA
Forensic anthropology
Chandler Gatenbee
Moffitt Cancer Center, USA
Infinite allele model
Bruce Gelvin
California State University Northridge, USA
Gavan, James
Linda M. Gerber
Weill Cornell Medical College, USA
Blood pressure
Lee T. Gettler
University of Notre Dame, USA
Biparental behavior
Paternal behavior
Julia I. Giblin
Quinnipiac University, USA
Hard tissue chemistry
Diane Gifford-Gonzalez
University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
Tanner, Nancy
Kenneth E. Glander
Duke University, USA
Carpenter, Clarence Ray
Marc Godinot
École Pratique des Hautes Études, France
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre
Alan H. Goodman
Hampshire College, USA
Boas, Franz
Developmental defects of enamel
Kerrie Lewis Graham
Texas State University, USA
Learning
Leonard O. Greenfield
Temple University, USA
Canine reduction
Ramapithecus
Lesley A. Gregoricka
University of South Alabama, USA
Stable isotopes
John R. Grehan
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, USA
Orthogenesis
Colin Groves†
Australian National University, Australia
Primate taxonomy
Margaret A. Gruca
University of Colorado Boulder, USA
Essential amino acid
Gisela Grupe
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
Taphonomy and fossilization
Laura Gruss
Radford University, USA
Terrestrial locomotion
Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg
The Ohio State University, USA
Dental biology/anthropology
Gregg F. Gunnell†
Duke University, USA
Anthropoid origins
Anthropoidea: conceptual history
Francisco D. Gurri
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Mexico
Adolescent growth spurt
Craig Hadley
Emory University, USA
Nutrition and growth
Terry Harrison
New York University, USA
Catarrhine origins
Miocene primates
Donna Hart
University of Missouri–St. Louis, USA
Hunting and scavenging
John Hawks
University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
Admixture
Ardipithecus
Denisovans
Hominini
Homo
Rising star
Joseph T. Hefner
Michigan State University, USA
Ancestry (forensic applications)
Krogman, Wilton
Michael Hermanussen
Aschauhof, Altenhof, Germany
Growth in childhood and adolescence
Growth references and standards
Growth, measuring
Israel Hershkovitz
Tel Aviv University, Israel
Levantine fossil record
James P. Higham
New York University, USA
Mating systems (primates)
Catherine M. Hill
Oxford Brookes University, UK
Human–primate conflict
David A. Himmelgreen
University of South Florida, USA
Nutritional status
Elizabeth A. Holdsworth
University at Albany, State University of New York, USA
Stunting
Trenton W. Holliday
Tulane University, USA
Anagenesis
Cladogenesis
Speciation
Ralph L. Holloway
Columbia University, USA
Broca, Paul Pierre
Elliot Smith, G.
Encephalization
Brigitte Holt
University of Massachusetts, USA
Upper Paleolithic populations
Lydia M. Hopper
Lincoln Park Zoo, USA
Behavioral and cognitive research in primates
Michaela Howells
University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA
Puberty in nonhuman primates
Daniel J. Hruschka
Arizona State University, USA
Nutrition and growth
Zachariah R. Hubbell
The Ohio State University, USA
Mechanostat
Chad D. Huff
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
Selective sweep
Michael A. Huffman
Kyoto University, Japan
Medicinal plant use by nonhuman primates
Kevin D. Hunt
Indiana University, USA
Arboreal locomotion
Gillian H. Ice
Ohio University, USA
Stress
Lynne A. Isbell
University of California, Davis, USA
Grouping patterns in nonhuman primates
Socioecological model
Nina G. Jablonski
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Eye color
Hair color
Skin color
Katharine M. Jack
Tulane University, USA
Dispersal
Fatimah L. C. Jackson
Howard University, USA
Cobb, William Montague
Evelyn Jagoda
Harvard University, USA
Conserved regions (human accelerated regions)
Gary D. James
Binghamton University, State University of New York, USA
Bergmann's and Allen's Rules
Human Biology Association
Hunt, E. E.
Rutger J. W. Jansma
University of Minnesota, USA
Proconsul
Michael I. Jensen-Seaman
Duquesne University, USA
Sexual selection
Donald C. Johanson
Arizona State University, USA
Howell, F. Clark
Susan L. Johnston
West Chester University, USA
Genetic adaptation
Carolyn A. Jost Robinson
University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA
Bushmeat
Margaret A. Judd
University of Pittsburgh, USA
Trauma
Anne E. Justice
University of North Carolina, USA
Epistasis
Kevin Kern
University of Akron, USA
Haeckel, Ernst
Hooton, Earnest A.
Todd, T. Wingate
Dänae G. Khorasani
University of California, Riverside, USA
Southeast Asian fossil record
Daniel Kiely
University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
Menopause
Andrew Kitchen
University of Iowa, USA
Genetic bottleneck
Site frequency spectrum
E. Christopher Kirk
The University of Texas at Austin, USA
Sensory ecology: olfaction
Sensory ecology: vision
Stanislaus Kivai
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
Foraging strategies
Haagen D. Klaus
George Mason University, USA
Violence, history of
Amy R. Klegarth
University of Washington, USA
Chromosome
Copy number variants (CNVs)
Katherine Kling
Stony Brook University, USA
Primate conservation
Leslie A. Knapp
University of Utah, USA
Genomes
Heterozygosity
Christopher J. Knüsel
Université de Bordeaux, France
Functional morphology, postcranial, human
Lyle Konigsberg
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Quantitative variation
Kathelijne Koops
Harvard University, USA; University of Zürich, Switzerland
Cultural primatology
Christopher Kuzawa
Northwestern University, USA
Developmental plasticity
Phenotype
Russell Lain
Sydney Dental Hospital, Australia
Mass disasters (Australia)
Joanna E. Lambert
University of Colorado Boulder, USA
Ecological communities
Patricia M. Lambert
Utah State University, USA
Ethics in bioarchaeology and forensics
Walker, Phillip L.
Michelle Lampl
Emory University, USA
Growth spurts
Saltation and stasis
Zvi Laron
Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Israel
Growth, genetics of
Clark Spencer Larsen
The Ohio State University, USA
Bioarchaeology
Pollitzer, William S.
Bruce Latimer
Case Western Reserve University, USA
Todd, T. Wingate
Susan G. W. Laurance
James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
Biological corridors
Marquisa LaVelle
Santa Fe, USA
Garn, Stanley M.
Richard R. Lawler
James Madison University, USA
Population dynamics in primates
Christine Lee
California State University, Los Angeles, USA
Andrews, Roy Chapman
Phyllis C. Lee
University of Stirling, UK
Life history (nonhuman primates)
Sang-Hee Lee
University of California, Riverside, USA
Longevity
Southeast Asian fossil record
Scott S. Legge
Macalester College, USA
Dental morphology (human)
William R. Leonard
Northwestern University, USA
Acclimatization
Brain growth
Paul W. Leslie
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Birth intervals
Fertility
Jason E. Lewis
Stony Brook University, USA
Turkana Basin
Rebecca J. Lewis
The University of Texas at Austin, USA
Behavioral sampling
Lydia E. O. Light
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
Territory
John Lindo
Emory University, USA
Exome
Michael A. Little
Binghamton University, State University of New York, USA
Adaptation
American Association of Physical Anthropologists
Growth curve, human
Harrison, Geoffrey Ainsworth
Human Biology Association
Huxley, Thomas H.
International organizations in biological anthropology
Mayr, Ernst
Roberts, Derek F.
Sheldon, William H.
Jeffrey C. Long
University of New Mexico, USA
Gene genealogy
Heritability
Livingstone, Frank
Spuhler, James N.
David Lordkipanidze
Sak'art'velos erovnuli muzeumi/The Georgian National Museum, Georgia
Dmanisi
Joseph Lorenz
Central Washington University, USA
PCR/qPCR
Anthony Lowe
Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd, Australia
Mass disasters (Australia)
John R. Lukacs
University of Oregon, USA
Dental caries and other dental diseases
Jessica W. Lynch Alfaro
University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Primate phylogeny
Elizabeth M. Miller
University of South Florida, USA
Growth in utero, infancy
Nutritional status
Jean W. MacCluer
Texas Biomedical Research Institute, USA
Schull, Jack
Donna MacGregor
Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Mass disasters (Australia)
Bonaventura Majolo
University of Lincoln, UK
Dominance (social)
Partha P. Majumder
National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, India
Haldane, J. B. S.
Ripan S. Malhi
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Exome
Robert M. Malina
The University of Texas at Austin, USA
Roche, Alex F.
Alan Mann
Princeton University, USA
Caldwell, Charles
Smith, Samuel Stanhope
South African fossil record
Vallois, Henri-Victor
Linda F. Marchant
Miami University, USA
Handedness
Damiano Marchi
Università di Pisa, Italy
Sergi, Sergio
Jonathan Marks
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
Eugenics
Montagu, Ashley
Racial hierarchy (history, classification of modern humans)
Shapiro, Harry L.
Carolyn Martin Shaw
University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
Tanner, Nancy
Mary W. Marzke
Arizona State University, USA
Manipulation
Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith
University of Otago, New Zealand
Wilson, Allan
Simon Mays
Historic England, UK
Micronutrient deficiency diseases: anemia, scurvy, and rickets
Richard McFarland
University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
Grooming
Faye McGechie
University of Missouri, USA
East African fossil record
W. Scott McGraw
The Ohio State University, USA
Postcranial morphology (primates)
James J. McKenna
University of Notre Dame, USA
Human Mother–Infant Dyad
Tracie McKinney
University of South Wales, UK
Ecotourism
Kieran P. McNulty
University of Minnesota, USA
Proconsul
Ellison J. McNutt
Dartmouth College, USA
Bipedalism
Robert J. Meier
Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Barnicot, Nigel A.
Blood groups
Laughlin, William S.
Weiner, J. S.
Richard S. Meindl
Kent State University, USA
Life expectancy, longevity, and lifespan
Phillip E. Melton
Curtin University, Australia
R-matrix analysis
Andreas Luiz Schwarz Meyer
Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
Climate change and primate conservation
Jérôme Micheletta
University of Portsmouth, UK
Communication
James H. Mielke
University of Kansas, USA
Genotype
Mourant, A. E.
Marco Milella
University of Zürich, Switzerland
Osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease
Ellen R. Miller
Wake Forest University, USA
Anthropoid origins
Anthropoidea: conceptual history
George R. Milner
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Age estimation (skeleton)
Osteological paradox
Tania Minhós
Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Portugal; Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA), Portugal; Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Primate conservation genetics
Lorna G. Moore
University of Colorado Denver, USA
High-altitude adaptation
Hypoxia
Alan G. Morris
University of Cape Town, South Africa
Osteology/anatomy skeleton
M. J. Mosher
Western Washington University, USA
Microbiome
Michael P. Muehlenbein
Baylor University, USA
Anthroponoses
Amy Z. Mundorff
University of Tennessee, USA
Mass disasters
Michio Nakamura
Kyoto University, Japan
Nishida, Toshisada
Robin G. Nelson
Santa Clara University, USA
Stress and growth
Lisa Nevell
Boston University, USA
Retroposons/retrotransposition
Dejana Nikitovic
University of Calgary, Canada
Sexual dimorphism (humans)
Liv Nilsson Stutz
Emory University, USA
Burial and ritual
Amy L. Non
University of California, San Diego, USA
Epigenetics
Heather L. Norton
University of Cincinnati, USA
Phenotype (genetics)
Dennis H. O'Rourke
University of Kansas, USA
Fisher, Ronald A.
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
Matson, G. Albin
Mendel, Gregor Johann
Paleogenetics
Jamie A. O'Rourke
USDA-ARS, Corn Insect and Crop Genetic Resources Unit, USA
Transcriptome
Lana Kerker Oliver
Washington University in St. Louis, USA
Hunting and scavenging
Andrea Ost
Mercyhurst University, USA
Bertillon, Alphonse
Julia Ostner
Georg August University Göttingen, Germany
Male bonding
Eduardo B. Ottoni
University of São Paulo, Brazil
Tool use in apes and monkeys
Marc Oxenham
Australian National University, Australia
Mass disasters (Australia)
Charles Oxnard
University of Western Australia, Australia
Singer, Ronald
Thorne, Alan G.
Zuckerman, Solly
Lisa M. Paciulli
North Carolina State University, USA
Hands (primate)
Sexual dimorphism (nonhuman primates)
Sociosexual behavior (nonhuman primates)
Colin Pardoe
The Australian National University, Australia
Australia, human evolution
Paula A. Pebsworth
The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
Medicinal plant use by nonhuman primates
Dorianis Perez
Mercyhurst University, USA
Bertillon, Alphonse
Gerardo Pérez-Ramírez
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
Regulatory elements/regulatory genes
Susan M. Motch Perrine
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Craniofacial development, normal and abnormal
Megan Petersdorf
New York University, USA
Mating systems (primates)
G. Philip Rightmire
Harvard University, USA
Stini, William
Michael Pietrusewsky
University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA
Cranial morphology (human)
Marin A. Pilloud
University of Nevada, Reno, USA
Trotter, Mildred
Barbara A. Piperata
The Ohio State University, USA
Basal metabolic rate (human)
J. Michael Plavcan
University of Arkansas, USA
Allometry and body size
Briana Pobiner
Smithsonian Institution, USA
Intelligent design
Todd M. Preuss
Emory University, USA
Brain evolution (primate)
Rolf M. Quam
Binghamton University, State University of New York, USA
Atapuerca
Ellen E. Quillen
Wake Forest School of Medicine, USA
Dominance and recessivity (genetic)
Genetic code
Elizabeth A. Quinn
Washington University in St. Louis, USA
Lactation and weaning
Jakov Radovčić
Croatian Natural History Museum, Croatia
Gorjanović-Kramberger, Dragutin
Jennifer Raff
University of Kansas, USA
Cloning
Wright, Sewall
Maanasa Raghavan
University of Cambridge, UK
Migration/gene flow
Kaye Reed
Arizona State University, USA
Hadar
Paleoecology
Ulrich H. Reichard
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, USA
Monogamy in primates
Laurie J. Reitsema
University of Georgia, USA
Dietary reconstruction from bones and teeth
Martin B. Richards
University of Huddersfield, UK
Phylogeography
Joan T. Richtsmeier
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Craniofacial development, normal and abnormal
Alice M. Roberts
University of Birmingham, UK
Positional behavior
Charlotte Ann Roberts
Durham University, UK
Bioarchaeology of infectious diseases
Thomas R. Rocek
University of Delaware, USA
Paleoanthropology
Michael J. Rogers
Southern Connecticut State University, USA
Gona
Karen R. Rosenberg
University of Delaware, USA
Leakey, L. S. B.
Leakey, Mary
Paleoanthropology
Jessica M. Rothman
Hunter College of the City University of New York, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, USA
Diets (primates)
Rohina Rubicz
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
Fixation
Gene (allele)
Christopher B. Ruff
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
Postcranial morphology, nontraditional analysis
Michael Ruse
Florida State University, USA
Gould, Stephen J.
Timothy M. Ryan
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Biomechanics/mechanobiology
Angélica Saldaña-Martínez
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
Regulatory elements/regulatory genes
Aaron J. Sams
Embark Veterinary, Inc., USA
Admixture
Carlos Serrano Sánchez
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
Comas, Juan
Mary K. Sandford
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
Brues, Alice M.
Marina L. Sardi
Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
Craniofacial morphology and adaptation
Norm Sauer
Michigan State University, USA
Krogman, Wilton
Emily L. R. Saunders
University of Birmingham, UK
Positional behavior
Moses Schanfield
The George Washington University, USA
Boyd, William C.
Christiane Scheffler
University of Potsdam, Germany
Growth in childhood and adolescence
Lawrence M. Schell
University at Albany, State University of New York, USA
Stunting
Urban environments
Lynne Schepartz
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Language and speech
Christopher W. Schmidt
University of Indianapolis, USA
Dental macrowear and microwear
Daniel Schmitt
Duke University, USA
Terrestrial locomotion
Hans-Konrad Schmutz
University of Zürich, Switzerland
Biegert, Josef
P. Thomas Schoenemann
Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Sarich, Vincent
Margaret Schoeninger
University of California, San Diego, USA
Diet, evolution of
Gavan, James
Isotope analysis
Lauren Schroeder
University of Toronto, Canada
Quantitative genetics
Oliver Schülke
Georg August University Göttingen, Germany
Male bonding
John J. Schultz
University of Central Florida, USA
Forensic archaeology
Caroline Schuppli
University of Zürich, Switzerland
Cultural primatology
Theodore G. Schurr
University of Pennsylvania, USA
Genetic distance
Haplotype/Haplogroup
Indels
Polymorphism
Jeffrey H. Schwartz
University of Pittsburgh, USA
Saltatory evolution
Erik R. Seiffert
University of Southern California, USA
Simons, Elwyn
Sileshi Semaw
Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Spain
Gona
Brigitte Senut
CNRS-MNHN-Sorbonne Université, France
Orrorin
Jeanne Sept
Indiana University, USA
Isaac, Glynn
Darshana Shapiro
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
Pelvic variation
Chet C. Sherwood
The George Washington University, USA
Brain development
Pat Shipman
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Coon, Carleton
Dubois, Eugène
Susanne Shultz
University of Manchester, UK
Socioecology, phylogeny, and social organization
Lynnette Leidy Sievert
University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
Menopause
Becky A. Sigmon
University of Toronto, Canada
Black, Davidson
Viviane Slon
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany; Tel Aviv University, Israel
Levantine fossil record
E. O. Smith
Emory University, USA
Le Gros Clark, Wilfrid Edward
Robinson, John Talbot
Schultz, Adolph H.
Wallace, Alfred Russel
Fred H. Smith
Illinois State University, USA
Abel, Othenio
Assimilation model of modern human origins
European fossil record
Flores
Klaatsch, Hermann
Neandertal, type locality and specimen
Piltdown
Pre-Neandertal theory
Pre-sapiens theory
Schaaffhausen, Hermann
Schwalbe, Gustav
Spencer, Frank
Virchow, Rudolf
Weinert, Hans
B. Holly Smith
University of Michigan, USA
Dental development (human)
Swindler, Daris
Patricia Smith
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Dahlberg, Albert A.
Pedro Soares
University of Minho, Portugal
Phylogeography
Vitale Sparacello
Université de Bordeaux, France
Functional morphology, postcranial, human
Stephanie N. Spehar
University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh, USA
Anthropogenic landscapes
M. Katherine Spradley
Texas State University, USA
Ancestry (forensic applications)
Sex estimation (skeleton)
Roscoe Stanyon
University of Florence, Italy
Karyotype
Kathleen Sterling
Binghamton University, State University of New York, USA
Art and symbol
Kelly Stewart
University of California, Davis, USA
Fossey, Dian
Jay T. Stock
University of Western Ontario, Canada
Neolithic
Wolff's law (bone functional adaptation)
Christopher M. Stojanowski
Arizona State University, USA
Biodistance
Mark Stoneking
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany
Mitochondrial DNA
Samuel D. Stout
The Ohio State University, USA
Skeletal histomorphometry
David S. Strait
Washington University in St. Louis, USA
Clade
Cladogram
Phylogeny
Suzanne G. Strait
Marshall University, USA
Dental morphology (primate)
Kyra E. Stull
University of Nevada, Reno, USA
Sex estimation (skeleton)
Aaron Jonas Stutz
Emory University, USA
Burial and ritual
Paleolithic
Robert W. Sussman†
Washington University in St. Louis, USA
Buettner-Janusch, John
Cooperation and competition
Hunting and scavenging
Jolly, Alison
Alan C. Swedlund
University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
Life expectancy, longevity, and lifespan
Justin C. Tackney
University of Kansas, USA
Electrophoresis
Massively parallel sequencing
Susan Tanner
University of Georgia, USA
Growth, environmental influences on
Ian Tattersall
American Museum of Natural History, USA
Sussman, Robert Wald
Andrea B. Taylor
Touro University, USA
Skull morphology (primate)
Mark F. Teaford
Touro University, USA
Functional morphology, teeth
Daniel H. Temple
George Mason University, USA
Bioarchaeology, evolving paradigms
Mark Terry
The Northwest School, USA
Intelligent design
Francis Thackeray
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Tobias, Phillip Vallentine
Zaneta Thayer
Dartmouth College, USA
Developmental adaptation
Amanda L. Thompson
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Growth hormones
Melissa Emery Thompson
University of New Mexico, USA
Reproductive seasonality
Susannah K. S. Thorpe
University of Birmingham, UK
Positional behavior
Nelson Ting
University of Oregon, USA
Primate genomics
Jada Benn Torres
Vanderbilt University, USA
Effective population size
Antonio Torroni
Università di Pavia, Italy
Phylogeography
David P. Tracer
University of Colorado Denver, USA
Accommodation
Wenda Trevathan
New Mexico State University, USA
Evolutionary medicine
Life history (human)
Trudy R. Turner
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, USA
Phylogenetics
Whitten, Patricia L.
Russell H. Tuttle
University of Chicago, USA
Brachiation: conceptual history
Great apes as models for human evolution
Gregory, William King
Hominoidea: conceptual history
Ishida, Hidemi
Keith, Arthur
Napier, John
New physical anthropology
Douglas Ubelaker
Smithsonian Institution, USA
Facial reconstruction/reproduction
Stewart, T. Dale
Peter S. Ungar
University of Arkansas, USA
Dental microwear
Hominin dental evolution
Claudia Valeggia
Yale University, USA
Fecundity, variation in
Kim Valenta
McGill University, Canada
Habitat use
Adam van Arsdale
Wellesley College, USA
Archaic humans
Dennis van Gerven
University of Colorado Boulder, USA
Armelagos, George
Carel P. van Schaik
University of Zürich, Switzerland
Cultural primatology
Carrie C. Veilleux
The University of Texas at Austin, USA
Primate color vision, genetics of
Giuseppe Vercellotti
The Ohio State University, USA
Stature, body mass, and body proportions
Giovanna M. Vidoli
University of Tennessee, USA
Mass disasters
Fernando Villanea
Washington State University, USA
Antibody/antigen
Christopher J. Vinyard
Northeast Ohio Medical University, USA
Mandibular morphology
Virginia J. Vitzthum
Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Fitness
Reproductive maturation, human
Erin R. Vogel
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
Foraging strategies
Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA
Craniology
Morphometrics, humans
Quantitative genetics
Bridget Waller
University of Portsmouth, UK
Communication
Carol V. Ward
University of Missouri, USA
Australopithecine/australopith
East African fossil record
W. Scott Watkins
University of Utah, USA
Alu elements
Transposable elements (Alus, LTRs, LINEs, SINEs)
Nadine Weidman
Harvard University, USA
Ardrey, Robert
Kenneth M. Weiss
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Acquired characteristics, inheritance of
Evolution
Neel, James
Von Baer, Karl Ernst
Ward, Richard H. (Ryk)
Charles A. Weitz
Temple University, USA
Physiological adaptation
Jonathan C. K. Wells
Institute of Child Health, UK
Body composition
Darlene A. Weston
University of British Columbia, Canada
Infectious diseases, nonspecific
Andrew Whiten
University of St Andrews, UK
Social learning
Derek Wildman
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Goodman, Morris
Andrea S. Wiley
Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Lactase persistence
Heather S. Williams
University of Colorado Boulder, USA
Hemoglobin variants
Sloan R. Williams
University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
Ancient DNA
Alex Wilshaw
University of Cambridge, UK
Out of Africa hypothesis
Gary Wilson
University of Otago, New Zealand
Wilson, Allan
Warren Wilson
University of Calgary, Canada
Anthropometry
Milford H. Wolpoff
University of Michigan, USA
Gradualism
Multiregional evolution
Weidenreich, Franz
Stephen P. Wooding
University of California, Merced, USA
Harpending, Henry
Patricia C. Wright
Centre ValBio, Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar
Primate conservation
Henry Wu
Department of Health, Queensland Government, Australia
Mass disasters (Australia)
Stephen L. Zegura
University of Arizona, USA
Hulse, Fred
Angel Zeininger
Duke University, USA
Terrestrial locomotion
Adrienne Zihlman
University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
Washburn, Sherwood L.
Klaus Zuberbühler
University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Vocal communication
Molly K. Zuckerman
Mississippi State University, USA
Biocultural models
Treponemal disease