REVIEW ARTICLE
Adhesive dentistry: Current concepts and clinical considerations
Jorge Perdigão DMD, MS, PhD,
Edson Araujo DDS, MS, PhD,
Renato Q. Ramos DDS, MS,
George Gomes DDS, MSD,
Lucas Pizzolotto DDS, MS,
Corresponding Author
Jorge Perdigão DMD, MS, PhD
Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Correspondence
*Jorge Perdigão, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 515 SE Delaware Street, 8-450 Moos Tower Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorEdson Araujo DDS, MS, PhD
Department of Comprehensive Care, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorRenato Q. Ramos DDS, MS
Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Gomes DDS, MSD
George Gomes Dental Center, Oeiras, Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorLucas Pizzolotto DDS, MS
Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorJorge Perdigão DMD, MS, PhD,
Edson Araujo DDS, MS, PhD,
Renato Q. Ramos DDS, MS,
George Gomes DDS, MSD,
Lucas Pizzolotto DDS, MS,
Corresponding Author
Jorge Perdigão DMD, MS, PhD
Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Correspondence
*Jorge Perdigão, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 515 SE Delaware Street, 8-450 Moos Tower Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorEdson Araujo DDS, MS, PhD
Department of Comprehensive Care, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorRenato Q. Ramos DDS, MS
Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Gomes DDS, MSD
George Gomes Dental Center, Oeiras, Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorLucas Pizzolotto DDS, MS
Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Objectives
To address contemporary concepts in adhesive dental materials with emphasis on the evidence behind their clinical use.
Overview
Adhesive dentistry has undergone major transformations within the last 20 years. New dental adhesives and composite resins have been launched with special focus on their user-friendliness by reducing the number of components and/or clinical steps. The latest examples are universal adhesives and universal composite resins. While clinicians prefer multipurpose materials with shorter application times, the simplification of clinical procedures does not always result in the best clinical outcomes. This review summarizes the current evidence on adhesive restorative materials with focus on universal adhesives and universal composite resins.
Conclusions
(a) Although the clinical behavior of universal adhesives has exceeded expectations, dentists still need to etch enamel to achieve durable restorations; (b) there is no clinical evidence to back some of the popular adjunct techniques used with dental adhesives, including glutaraldehyde-based desensitizers and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; and (c) the color adaptation potential of new universal composite resins has simplified their clinical application by combining multiple shades without using different translucencies of the same shade.
Clinical Significance
New adhesive restorative materials are easier to use than their predecessors, while providing excellent clinical outcomes without compromising the esthetic quality of the restorations.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Author elects to not share data
REFERENCES
- 1Kramer IRH, McLean JW. Alterations in the staining reactions of dentine resulting from a constituent of a new self-polymerising resin. Br Dent J. 1952; 93: 150-153.
- 2Brudevold F, Buonocore M, Wileman W. A report on a resin composition capable of bonding to human dentin surfaces. J Dent Res. 1956; 35: 846-851.
- 3McLean JW. Dental materials developments in the UK: a personal view. J Dent Res. 1996; 75: 1816-1819.
- 4Nicholson JW. Adhesive dental materials—a review. Int J Adhe Adhes. 1998; 18: 229-236.
- 5Buonocore MG. A simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surfaces. J Dent Res. 1955; 34: 849-853.
- 6Brännström M, Nordenvall KJ. The effect of acid etching on enamel, dentin, and the inner surface of the resin restoration: a scanning electron microscopic investigation. J Dent Res. 1977; 56: 917-923.
- 7Nakabayashi N, Kojima K, Masuhara E. The promotion of adhesion by the infiltration of monomers into tooth substrates. J Biomed Mater Res. 1982; 16: 265-273.
- 8Gwinnett AJ. Quantitative contribution of resin infiltration/hybridization to dentin bonding. Am J Dent. 1993; 6: 7-9.
- 9Chappell RP, Cobb CM, Spencer P, Eick JD. Dentinal tubule anastomosis: a potential factor in adhesive bonding? J Prosthet Dent. 1994; 72: 183-188.
- 10Van Meerbeek B, Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, et al. State of the art of self-etch adhesives. Dent Mater. 2011; 27: 17-28.
- 11Peumans M, De Munck J, Mine A, Van Meerbeek B. Clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives for the restoration of non-carious cervical lesions. A systematic review. Dent Mater. 2014; 30: 1089-1103.
- 12Peumans M, De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Van Meerbeek B. Thirteen-year randomized controlled clinical trial of a two-step self-etch adhesive in non-carious cervical lesions. Dent Mater. 2015; 31: 308-314.
- 13Bowen RL. Dental filling material comprising vinyl silane treated fused silica and a binder consisting of the reaction product of bis phenol and glycidyl acrylate. US Patent 3,066,112 (1962). Available at https://patents.google.com/patent/US3066112A/en
- 14Bowen RL. Properties of a silica-reinforced polymer for dental restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1963; 66: 57-64.
- 15Peumans M, De Munck J, Van Landuyt KL, et al. A 13-year clinical evaluation of two three-step etch-and-rinse adhesives in non-carious class-V lesions. Clin Oral Investig. 2012; 16: 129-137.
- 16Perdigão J, Dutra-Corrêa M, Anauate-Netto C, et al. Two-year clinical evaluation of self-etching adhesives in posterior restorations. J Adhes Dent. 2009; 11: 149-159.
- 17Reis A, Leite TM, Matte K, et al. Improving clinical retention of one-step self-etching adhesive systems with an additional hydrophobic adhesive layer. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009; 140: 877-885.
- 18Takahashi A, Inoue S, Kawamoto C, et al. In vivo long-term durability of the bond to dentin using two adhesive systems. J Adhes Dent. 2002; 4: 151-159.
- 19Tay FR, Pashley DH, Suh BI, et al. Single-step adhesives are permeable membranes. J Dent. 2002; 30: 371-382.
- 20Tay FR, Frankenberger R, Krejci I, et al. Single-bottle adhesives behave as permeable membranes after polymerization. I. in vivo evidence. J Dent. 2004; 32: 611-621.
- 21Tay FR, Suh BI, Pashley DH, et al. Factors contributing to the incompatibility between simplified-step adhesives and self-cured or dual-cured composites. Part II. Single-bottle, total-etch adhesive. J Adhes Dent. 2003; 5: 91-105.
- 22Suh BI, Feng L, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Factors contributing to the incompatibility between simplified step adhesives and chemically-cured or dual-cured composites: part 3: effect of acidic resin monomers. J Adhes Dent. 2003; 5: 267-282.
- 23Tay FR, Pashley DH, Suh B, et al. Single-step, self-etch adhesives behave as permeable membranes after polymerization. Part I. bond strength and morphologic evidence. Am J Dent. 2004; 17: 271-278
- 24Tay FR, Lai CN, Chersoni S, et al. Osmotic blistering in enamel bonded with one-step self-etch adhesives. J Dent Res. 2004; 83: 290-295.
- 25Perdigão J, Swift EJ. Universal adhesives. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2015; 27: 331-334.
- 26Yoshida Y, Van Meerbeek B, Nakayama Y, et al. Adhesion to and decalcification of hydroxyapatite by carboxylic acids. J Dent Res. 2001; 80: 1565-1569.
- 27Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, Nagaoka N, et al. Adhesive interfacial interaction affected by different carbon-chain monomers. Dent Mater. 2013; 29: 888-897.
- 28Smith DC. Improvements relating to surgical cements . British patent GB1139430A, filed on December 30, 1966. https://patents.google.com/patent/GB1139430A/en?oq=GB+1139430
- 29Wilson AD, Kent BE. The glass-ionomer cement, a new translucent dental filling material. J Appl Chem Biotechnol. 1971; 21: 313.
- 30Yoshioka M, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, et al. Adhesion/decalcification mechanisms of acid interactions with human hard tissues. J Biomed Mater Res. 2002; 59: 56-62.
- 31Yip HK, Tay FR, Ngo HC, et al. Bonding of contemporary glass ionomer cements to dentin. Dent Mater. 2001; 17: 456-470.
- 32Yoshihara K, Hayakawa S, Nagaoka N, et al. Etching efficacy of self-etching functional monomers. J Dent Res. 2018; 97: 1010-1016.
- 33Fukegawa D, Hayakawa S, Yoshida Y, et al. Chemical interaction of phosphoric acid ester with hydroxyapatite. J Dent Res. 2006; 85: 941-944.
- 34Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, Nagaoka N, et al. Nano-controlled molecular interaction at adhesive interfaces for hard tissue reconstruction. Acta Biomater. 2010; 6: 3573-3582.
- 35Feitosa VP, Sauro S, Ogliari FA, et al. Impact of hydrophilicity and length of spacer chains on the bonding of functional monomers. Dent Mater. 2014; 30: e317-e323.
- 36Manabe A, Katsuno K, Itoh K, et al. Bonding efficacy of erythritol methacrylate solutions as dentin primers. J Dent Res. 1991; 70: 1294-1298.
- 37Perdigão J, Swift EJ. Fundamental concepts of enamel and dentin adhesion. In: T Roberson, HO Heymann, EJ Swift, eds. Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.
- 38Yoshihara K, Nagaoka N, Okihara T, et al. Functional monomer impurity affects adhesive performance. Dent Mater. 2015; 31: 1493-1501.
- 39Marchesi G, Frassetto A, Mazzoni A, et al. Adhesive performance of a multi-mode adhesive system: 1-year in vitro study. J Dent. 2014; 42: 603-612.
- 40Sezinando A, Perdigão J, Ceballos L. Long-term in vitro adhesion of polyalkenoate-based adhesives to dentin. J Adhes Dent. 2017; 19: 305-316.
- 41Nagarkar S, Theis-Mahon N, Perdigão J. Universal dental adhesives: current status, laboratory testing, and clinical performance. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2019; 107: 2121-2131.
- 42de Paris Matos T, Perdigão J, de Paula E, et al. Five-year clinical evaluation of a universal adhesive: a randomized double-blind trial. Dent Mater. 2020; 36: 1474-1485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2020.08.007.
- 43Oz FD, Ergin E, Canatan S. Twenty-four-month clinical performance of different universal adhesives in etch-and-rinse, selective etching and self-etch application modes in NCCL - a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Appl Oral Sci. 2019; 27:e20180358.
- 44Ruschel VC, Stolf SC, Shibata S, et al. Three-year clinical evaluation of universal adhesives in non-carious cervical lesions. Am J Dent. 2019; 32: 223-228.
- 45Cuevas-Suárez CE, da Rosa WLO, Lund RG, et al. Bonding performance of universal adhesives: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adhes Dent. 2019; 21: 7-26.
- 46Van Meerbeek B, De Munck J, Yoshida Y, et al. Buonocore memorial lecture. Adhesion to enamel and dentin: current status and future challenges. Oper Dent. 2003; 28: 215-235.
- 47Tay FR, Gwinnett AJ, Wei SHY. Micromorphological spectrum from overdrying to overwetting acid-conditioned dentin in water-free, acetone-based, single-bottle primer/adhesives. Dent Mater. 1996; 12: 236-244.
- 48Perdigão J, Frankenberger R. Effect of solvent and re-wetting time on dentin adhesion. Quintessence Int. 2001; 32: 385-390.
- 49Perdigão J. Dentin bonding as a function of dentin structure. Dent Clin N Am. 2002; 46: 277-301.
- 50Perdigāo J, Carmo AR, Geraldeli S. Eighteen-month clinical evaluation of two dentin adhesives applied on dry vs moist dentin. J Adhes Dent. 2005; 7: 253-258.
- 51https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/793706O/3m-scotchbond-universal-adhesive-general-application.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2020.
- 52Zander-Grande C, Ferreira SQ, da Costa TR, et al. Application of etch-and-rinse adhesives on dry and rewet dentin under rubbing action: a 24-month clinical evaluation. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011; 142: 828-835.
- 53Thanatvarakorn O, Prasansuttiporn T, Takahashi M, et al. Effect of scrubbing technique with mild self-etching sdhesives on dentin bond strengths and nanoleakage expression. J Adhes Dent. 2016; 18: 197-204.
- 54Loguercio AD, Raffo J, Bassani F, et al. 24-month clinical evaluation in non-carious cervical lesions of a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive applied using a rubbing motion. Clin Oral Investig. 2011; 15: 589-596.
- 55Loguercio AD, Muñoz MA, Luque-Martinez I, et al. Does active application of universal adhesives to enamel in self-etch mode improve their performance? J Dent. 2015; 43: 1060-1070.
- 56Atalay C, Ozgunaltay G, Yazici AR. Thirty-six-month clinical evaluation of different adhesive strategies of a universal adhesive. Clin Oral Investig. 2020; 24: 1569-1578.
- 57Lawson NC, Robles A, Fu CC, et al. Two-year clinical trial of a universal adhesive in total-etch and self-etch mode in non-carious cervical lesions. J Dent. 2015; 43: 1229-1234.
- 58Zanatta RF, Silva TM, Esper M, et al. Bonding performance of simplified adhesive systems in noncarious cervical lesions at 2-year follow-up: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Oper Dent. 2019; 44: 476-487.
- 59Fabião AM, Fronza BM, André CB, et al. Microtensile dentin bond strength and interface morphology of different self-etching adhesives and universal adhesives applied in self-etching mode. J Adhes Sci Technol. 2020; 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2020.1817722.
- 60Loguercio AD, Rezende M, Gutierrez MF, et al. Randomized 36-month follow-up of posterior bulk-filled resin composite restorations. J Dent. 2019; 85: 93-102.
- 61Rouse MA, May JT, Platt JA, et al. Clinical evaluation of a universal adhesive in non-carious cervical lesions. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2020; 32: 691-698.
- 62Loguercio AD, Luque-Martinez IV, Fuentes S, et al. Effect of dentin roughness on the adhesive performance in non-carious cervical lesions: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Dent. 2018; 69: 60-69.
- 63Lopes LS, Calazans FS, Hidalgo R, et al. Six-month follow-up of cervical composite restorations placed with a new universal adhesive system: a randomized clinical trial. Oper Dent. 2016; 41: 465-480.
- 64Perdigão J, Kose C, Mena-Serrano AP, et al. A new universal simplified adhesive: 18-month clinical evaluation. Oper Dent. 2014; 39: 113-127.
- 65Pagniano RP, Seghi RR, Rosenstiel SF, et al. The effect of a layer of resin luting agent on the biaxial flexure strength of two all-ceramic systems. J Prosthet Dent. 2005; 93: 459-466.
- 66Xiaoping L, Dongfeng R, Silikas N. Effect of etching time and resin bond on the flexural strength of IPS e.max Press glass ceramic. Dent Mater. 2014; 30: e330-e336.
- 67Söderholm KJ, Shang SW. Molecular orientation of silane at the surface of colloidal silica. J Dent Res. 1993; 72: 1050-1054.
- 68Matinlinna JP, Lung CYK, Tsoi JKH. Silane adhesion mechanism in dental applications and surface treatments: a review. Dent Mater. 2018; 34: 13-28.
- 69Dimitriadi M, Panagiotopoulou A, Pelecanou M, et al. Stability and reactivity of γ-MPTMS silane in some commercial primer and adhesive formulations. Dent Mater. 2018; 34: 1089-1101.
- 70Yao C, Yu J, Wang Y, et al. Acidic pH weakens the bonding effectiveness of silane contained in universal adhesives. Dent Mater. 2018; 34: 809-818.
- 71Yoshihara K, Nagaoka N, Sonoda A, et al. Effectiveness and stability of silane coupling agent incorporated in 'universal' adhesives. Dent Mater. 2016; 32: 1218-1225.
- 72Kalavacharla VK, Lawson NC, Ramp LC, Burgess JO. Influence of etching protocol and silane treatment with a universal adhesive on lithium disilicate bond strength. Oper Dent. 2015; 40: 372-378.
- 73Liu P, Xue QJ, Tian J, Liu WM. Self-assembly of functional silanes onto silica nanoparticles. Chin J Chem Phys. 2003; 16: 481-486.
- 74Yao C. Towards improved dental bonding using universal adhesives [Doctoral Thesis]. Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (KUL), 2020. https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS3147788&context=L&vid=Lirias&search_scope=Lirias&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US&fromSitemap=1. Accessed October 20 2020.
- 75Yoshida Y, Yoshihara K, Hayakawa S, et al. HEMA inhibits interfacial nano-layering of the functional monomer MDP. J Dent Res. 2012; 91: 1060-1065.
- 76Tian F, Zhou L, Zhang Z, et al. Paucity of nanolayering in resin-dentin interfaces of MDP-based adhesives. J Dent Res. 2016; 95: 380-387.
- 77Luque-Martinez IV, Perdigão J, Muñoz MA, et al. Effects of solvent evaporation time on immediate adhesive properties of universal adhesives to dentin. Dent Mater. 2014; 30: 1126-1135.
- 78Paul SJ, Leach M, Rueggeberg FA, Pashley DH. Effect of water content on the physical properties of model dentine primer and bonding resins. J Dent. 1999; 27: 209-214.
- 79Spencer P, Wang Y. Adhesive phase separation at the dentin interface under wet bonding conditions. J Biomed Mater Res. 2002; 62: 447-456.
- 80Awad MM, Alrahlah A, Matinlinna JP, Hamama HH. Effect of adhesive air-drying time on bond strength to dentin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Adhes Adhes. 2019; 90: 154-162.
- 81Perdigão J, Muñoz MA, Sezinando A, et al. Immediate adhesive properties to dentin and enamel of a universal adhesive associated with a hydrophobic resin coat. Oper Dent. 2014; 39: 489-499.
- 82Sezinando A, Luque-Martinez I, Muñoz MA, et al. Influence of a hydrophobic resin coating on the immediate and 6-month dentin bonding of three universal adhesives. Dent Mater. 2015; 31: e236-e246.
- 83Ermis RB, Ugurlu M, Ahmed MH, Van Meerbeek B. Universal adhesives benefit from an extra hydrophobic adhesive layer when light cured beforehand. J Adhes Dent. 2019; 21: 179-188.
- 84Perdigão J, Ceballos L, Giráldez I, et al. Effect of a hydrophobic bonding resin on the 36-month performance of a universal adhesive-a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2020; 24: 765-776.
- 85Perdigão J. Dentin etching depth of current phosphoric acid gels. J Dent Res. 2016; 95 (Spec Iss A): Abstract 1338.
- 86Campos MFTP, Moura DMD, Borges BCD, et al. Influence of acid etching and universal adhesives on the bond strength to dentin. Braz Dent J. 2020; 31: 272-280.
- 87da Rosa LS, Follak AC, Lenzi TL, et al. Phosphoric acid containing chlorhexidine compromises bonding of universal adhesive. J Adhes Dent. 2018; 20: 243-247.
- 88Nagaoka N, Yoshihara K, Feitosa VP, et al. Chemical interaction mechanism of 10-MDP with zirconia. Sci Rep. 2017; 7:45563.
- 89de Souza G, Hennig D, Aggarwal A, Tam LE. The use of MDP-based materials for bonding to zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2014; 112: 895-902.
- 90Passia N, Mitsias M, Lehmann F, Kern M. Bond strength of a new generation of universal bonding systems to zirconia ceramic. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016; 62: 268-274.
- 91Yang L, Chen B, Xie H, et al. Durability of resin bonding to zirconia using products containing 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate. J Adhes Dent. 2018; 20: 279-287
- 92Cardenas AM, Siqueira F, Hass V, et al. Effect of MDP-containing silane and adhesive used alone or in combination on the long-term bond strength and chemical interaction with lithium disilicate ceramics. J Adhes Dent. 2017; 19: 203-212.
- 93Yagawa S, Komine F, Fushiki R, et al. Effect of priming agents on shear bond strengths of resin-based luting agents to a translucent zirconia material. J Prosthodont Res. 2018; 62: 204-209.
- 94Gross J, Lapiere CM. Collagenolytic activity in amphibian tissues: a tissue culture assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1962; 48: 1014-1022.
- 95Perdigão J, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Dentin adhesion and MMPs: a comprehensive review. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2013; 25: 219-241.
- 96Zhou J, Tan J, Yang X, et al. MMP-inhibitory effect of chlorhexidine applied in a self-etching adhesive. J Adhes Dent. 2011; 13: 111-115.
- 97Nishitani Y, Yoshiyama M, Wadgaonkar B, et al. Activation of gelatinolytic/ collagenolytic activity in dentin by self-etching adhesives. Eur J Oral Sci. 2006; 114: 160-161.
- 98Ricci HA, Sanabe ME, de Souza Costa CA, et al. Chlorhexidine increases the longevity of in vivo resin–dentin bonds. Eur J Oral Sci. 2010; 118: 411-416.
- 99De Munck J, Van den Steen PE, Mine A, et al. Inhibition of enzymatic degradation of adhesive- dentin interfaces. J Dent Res. 2009; 88: 1101-1106.
- 100Maravić T, Comba A, Cunha SR, et al. Long-term bond strength and endogenous enzymatic activity of a chlorhexidine-containing commercially available adhesive. J Dent. 2019; 84: 60-66.
- 101Mazzoni A, Angeloni V, Comba A, et al. Cross-linking effect on dentin bond strength and MMPs activity. Dent Mater. 2018; 34: 288-295.
- 102Feitosa SA, Palasuk J, Geraldeli S, et al. Physicochemical and biological properties of novel chlorhexidine-loaded nanotube-modified dentin adhesive. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2019; 107: 868-875.
- 103Bedran-Russo AK, Pauli GF, Chen SN, et al. Dentin biomodification: strategies, renewable resources and clinical applications. Dent Mater. 2014; 30: 62-76.
- 104Sartori N, Stolf SC, Silva SB, et al. Influence of chlorhexidine digluconate on the clinical performance of adhesive restorations: a 3-year follow-up. J Dent. 2013; 41: 1188-1195.
- 105Dutra-Correa M, Saraceni CH, Ciaramicoli MT, et al. Effect of chlorhexidine on the 18-month clinical performance of two adhesives. J Adhes Dent. 2013; 15: 287-292.
- 106Araújo MS, Souza LC, Apolonio FM, et al. Two-year clinical evaluation of chlorhexidine incorporation in two-step self-etch adhesive. J Dent. 2015; 43: 140-148.
- 107Favetti M, Schroeder T, Montagner AF, et al. Effectiveness of pre-treatment with chlorhexidine in restoration retention: a 36-month follow-up randomized clinical trial. J Dent. 2017; 60: 44-49.
- 108de Souza LC, Rodrigues NS, Cunha DA, et al. Two-year clinical evaluation of a proanthocyanidins-based primer in non-carious cervical lesions: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Dent. 2020; 96: 103325.
- 109Göstemeyer G, Schwendicke F. Inhibition of hybrid layer degradation by cavity pretreatment: meta- and trial sequential analysis. J Dent. 2016; 49: 14-21.
- 110Perdigão J, Geraldeli S, Hodges JS. Total-etch versus self-etch adhesive: effect on postoperative sensitivity. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003; 134: 1621-1629.
- 111Perdigão J, Anauate-Netto C, Carmo AR, et al. The effect of adhesive and flowable composite on postoperative sensitivity: 2-week results. Quintessence Int. 2004; 35: 777-784.
- 112Casselli DS, Martins LR. Postoperative sensitivity in class I composite resin restorations in vivo. J Adhes Dent. 2006; 8: 53-58.
- 113Briso ALF, Mestrener SR, Delício G, et al. Clinical assessment of postoperative sensitivity in posterior composite restorations. Oper Dent. 2007; 32: 421-426.
- 114Browning WD, Blalock JS, Callan RS, et al. Postoperative sensitivity: a comparison of two bonding agents. Oper Dent. 2007; 32:112117.
- 115Ermis RB, Kam O, Celik EU, Temel UB. Clinical evaluation of a two-step etch&rinse and a two-step self-etch adhesive system in class II restorations: two-year results. Oper Dent. 2009; 34: 656-663.
- 116Burrow MF, Banomyong D, Harnirattisai C, Messer HH. Effect of glass-ionomer cement lining on postoperative sensitivity in occlusal cavities restored with resin composite--a randomized clinical trial. Oper Dent. 2009; 34: 648-655.
- 117van Dijken JW, Pallesen U. Four-year clinical evaluation of class II nano-hybrid resin composite restorations bonded with a one-step self-etch and a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive. J Dent. 2011; 39: 16-25.
- 118Perdigão J, Swift EJ Jr. Critical appraisal: post-op sensitivity with direct composite restorations. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2013; 25: 284-288.
- 119Costa T, Rezende M, Sakamoto A, et al. Influence of adhesive type and placement technique on postoperative sensitivity in posterior composite restorations. Oper Dent. 2017; 42: 143-154.
- 120Reis A, Dourado Loguercio A, Schroeder M, et al. Does the adhesive strategy influence the post-operative sensitivity in adult patients with posterior resin composite restorations? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dent Mater. 2015; 31: 1052-1067.
- 121Mehta D, Gowda VS, Santosh A, et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of dentin desensitizing agents. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014; 72: 936-941.
- 122Ding YJ, Yao H, Wang GH, Song H. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of Clinpro XT varnish and Gluma dentin desensitizer on dentin hypersensitivity. Am J Dent. 2014; 27: 79-83.
- 123Christensen GJ. Self-etching primers are here. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001; 132: 1041-1043.
- 124Christensen GJ. Current use of tooth-colored inlays, onlays, and direct-placement resins. J Esthet Dent. 1998; 10: 290-295.
- 125Brady LA. Gluma: Every prep every time! https://leeannbrady.com/dental-materials/gluma-every-prep-every-time. Accessed October 20, 2020.
- 126 Tips and Tricks, Gluma Desensitizer and Gluma Desensitizer PowerGel, https://www.kulzerus.com/media/webmedia_local/north_america/pdf_files/gluma/BT_GLUMA_Tips-Tricks_Brochure_0219_linked_WEB.pdf, last Accessed October 20, 2020.
- 127Lavigne C. Glutaraldehyde is more than a desensitizer: lesser-known uses for total-etch adhesive techniques. Dent Econ. 2017. https://www.dentaleconomics.com/science-tech/article/16389463/glutaraldehyde-is-more-than-a-desensitizer-lesserknown-uses-for-totaletch-adhesive-techniques, Accessed October 20, 2020.
- 128Sobral MA, Garone-Netto N, Luz MA, Santos AP. Prevention of postoperative tooth sensitivity: a preliminary clinical trial. J Oral Rehabil. 2005; 32: 661-668.
- 129Chermont AB, Carneiro KK, Lobato MF, et al. Clinical evaluation of postoperative sensitivity using self-etching adhesives containing glutaraldehyde. Braz Oral Res. 2010; 24: 349-354.
- 130Magne P. Immediate dentin sealing: a fundamental procedure for indirect bonded restorations. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2005; 17: 144-154. discussion 155.
- 131Magne P, Kim TH, Cascione D, Donovan TE. Immediate dentin sealing improves bond strength of indirect restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 2005; 94: 511-519.
- 132Gresnigt MM, Cune MS, de Roos JG, Özcan M. Effect of immediate and delayed dentin sealing on the fracture strength, failure type and Weilbull characteristics of lithium disilicate laminate veneers. Dent Mater. 2016; 32: e73-e81.
- 133Politano G, Van Meerbeek B, Peumans M. Nonretentive bonded ceramic partial crowns: concept and simplified protocol for long-lasting dental restorations. J Adhes Dent. 2018; 20: 495-510.
- 134van den Breemer CR, Gresnigt MM, Cune MS. Cementation of glass-ceramic posterior restorations: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2015; 2015:148954.
- 135van den Breemer CRG, Cune MS, Özcan M, et al. Randomized clinical trial on the survival of lithium disilicate posterior partial restorations bonded using immediate or delayed dentin sealing after 3years of function. J Dent. 2019; 85: 1-10.
- 136van den Breemer C, Gresnigt M, Özcan M, et al. Prospective randomized clinical trial on the survival of lithium disilicate posterior partial crowns bonded using immediate or delayed dentin sealing: short-term results on tooth sensitivity and patient satisfaction. Oper Dent. 2019; 44: E212-E222.
- 137Gresnigt MMM, Cune MS, Schuitemaker J, et al. Performance of ceramic laminate veneers with immediate dentine sealing: an 11 year prospective clinical trial. Dent Mater. 2019; 35: 1042-1052.
- 138van Dijken JW, Meurman JH, Järvinen J. Effect of finishing procedures on surface textures of some resin restoratives. A comparison between new and old types of composite resins. Acta Odontol Scand. 1980; 38: 293-301.
- 139Phillips RW, Avery DR, Mehra R, et al. Observations on a composite resin for class II restorations: two-year report. J Prosthet Dent. 1972; 28: 164-169.
- 140Eames WB, Strain JD, Weitman RT, Williams AK. Clinical comparison of composite, amalgam, and silicate restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1974; 89: 1111-1117.
- 141Leinfelder KF, Sluder TB, Sockwell CL, et al. Clinical evaluation of composite resins as anterior and posterior restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent. 1975; 33: 407-416.
- 142Eames WB, O'Neal SJ, Rodgers LB. Composite plain talk. J Am Dent Assoc. 1976; 92: 550-554.
- 143Braden M. Dental materials: 1976 literature review. Part I. J Dent. 1978; 6: 1-22.
- 144Lutz F, Phillips RW. A classification and evaluation of composite resin systems. J Prosthet Dent. 1983; 50: 480-488.
- 145Mitra SB, Wu D, Holmes BN. An application of nanotechnology in advanced dental materials. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003; 134: 1382-1390.
- 146Palaniappan S, Bharadwaj D, Mattar DL, et al. Three-year randomized clinical trial to evaluate the clinical performance and wear of a nanocomposite versus a hybrid composite. Dent Mater. 2009; 25: 1302-1314.
- 147Angerame D, De Biasi M. Do nanofilled/nanohybrid composites allow for better clinical performance of direct restorations than traditional microhybrid composites? A systematic review. Oper Dent. 2018; 43: E191-E209.
- 148Christensen GJ. Do you want to use a nanofill composite resin? CRA Foundation Newsletter. 2007; 31(10): 1-2.
- 149Kaizer MR, de Oliveira-Ogliari A, Cenci MS, et al. Do nanofill or submicron composites show improved smoothness and gloss? A systematic review of in vitro studies. Dent Mater. 2014; 30: e41-e78.
- 150Maran BM, de Geus JL, Gutiérrez MF, et al. Nanofilled/nanohybrid and hybrid resin-based composite in patients with direct restorations in posterior teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2020; 99: 103407.
- 151Krämer N, Reinelt C, Richter G, et al. Nanohybrid vs. fine hybrid composite in class II cavities: clinical results and margin analysis after four years. Dent Mater. 2009; 25: 750-759.
- 152Han JM, Zhang H, Choe HS, et al. Abrasive wear and surface roughness of contemporary dental composite resin. Dent Mater J. 2014; 33: 725-732.
- 153Suh YR, Ahn JS, Ju SW, Kim KM. Influences of filler content and size on the color adjustment potential of nonlayered resin composites. Dent Mater J. 2017; 36: 35-40.
- 154Iyer RS, Babani VR, Yaman P, Dennison J. Color match using instrumental and visual methods for single, group, and multi-shade composite resins. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2020 Aug 25. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12621. Online ahead of print.
- 155Pereira Sanchez N, Powers JM, Paravina RD. Instrumental and visual evaluation of the color adjustment potential of resin composites. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2019; 31: 465-470.
- 156Trifkovic B, Powers JM, Paravina RD. Color adjustment potential of resin composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2018; 22: 1601-1607.
- 157Dietschi D. Free-hand composite resin restorations: a key to anterior aesthetics. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent. 1995; 7: 15-25.
- 158de Abreu JLB, Sampaio CS, Benalcázar Jalkh EB, Hirata R. Analysis of the color matching of universal resin composites in anterior restorations. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2020 Sep 29. http://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12659. Online ahead of print.
- 159Christensen GJ. New, innovative restorative resins appear promising. Clin Rep. 2019; 12(4): 1-3.
- 160Evans MB. The Visual and Spectrophotometric Effect of External Bleaching on OMNICHROMA Resin Composite and Natural Teeth [Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports] https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/7619. Accessed October 30, 2020.
- 161Sulaiman TA, Rodgers B, Suliman AA, Johnston WM. Color and translucency stability of contemporary resin-based restorative materials. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2020 Aug 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12640. Online ahead of print.
- 162Schmidt M, Dige I, Kirkevang LL, et al. Five-year evaluation of a low-shrinkage silorane resin composite material: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2015; 19: 245-251.
- 163Baracco B, Fuentes MV, Ceballos L. Five-year clinical performance of a silorane- vs a methacrylate-based composite combined with two different adhesive approaches. Clin Oral Investig. 2016; 20: 991-1001.
- 164Park HY, Kloxin CJ, Abuelyaman, et al. Novel dental restorative materials having low polymerization shrinkage stress via stress relaxation by addition-fragmentation chain transfer. Dent Mater. 2012; 28: 1113-1119.
Citing Literature
