What produces the diffuse X-ray emission from the Orion nebula? I. Simple spherical models
Corresponding Author
S. J. Arthur
Centro de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Apartado Postal 3–72, 58090, Morelia, Michoacán, México
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
S. J. Arthur
Centro de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Apartado Postal 3–72, 58090, Morelia, Michoacán, México
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorABSTRACT
The expansion of stellar wind bubbles inside evolving H ii regions is studied in spherical symmetry, with stellar wind parameters and ionizing photon rate appropriate to θ1Ori C, the main exciting source of the Orion nebula. The effects of mass loading due to embedded proplyds and thermal conduction at the edge of the hot, shocked stellar wind bubble on the expansion are investigated. The predicted X-ray luminosities and spectra of these models are calculated and compared to published observations. The models all have excess emission at higher energies compared to the observations. This emission comes from hot gas behind the stellar wind shock and its temperature depends solely on the stellar wind velocity, which for θ1Ori C is well established. Possible mechanisms for lowering the temperature of this gas are discussed.
REFERENCES
- Anders E., Grevesse N., 1989, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 197
- Arthur S. J., 2007, ApJ, 670, 471
- Arthur S. J., Hoare M. G., 2006, ApJS, 165, 283
- Arthur S. J., Kurtz S. E., Franco J., Albarrán M. Y., 2004, ApJ, 608, 282
- Arthur S. J., Henney W. J., Mellema G., de Colle F., Vázquez-Semadeni E., 2011, MNRAS, 414, 1747
- Balucinska-Church M., McCammon D., 1992, ApJ, 400, 699
- Capriotti E. R., Kozminski J. F., 2001, PASP, 113, 677
- Comeron F., 1997, A&A, 326, 1195
- Cowie L. L., McKee C. F., 1977, ApJ, 211, 135
- Cunto W., Mendoza C., Ochsenbein F., Zeippen C. J., 1993, A&A, 275, L5
- Dorland H., Montmerle T., 1987, A&A, 177, 243
- Dunne B. C., Chu Y.-H., Chen C.-H. R., Lowry J. D., Townsley L., Gruendl R. A., Guerrero M. A., Rosado M., 2003, ApJ, 590, 306
-
Dyson J. E.,
Williams D. A., 1997, The Physics of the Interstellar Medium, 2nd edn. IoP Publishing,
Bristol
10.1887/075030460X Google Scholar
- Esteban C., Peimbert M., García-Rojas J., Ruiz M. T., Peimbert A., Rodríguez M., 2004, MNRAS, 355, 229
- Felli M., Churchwell E., Wilson T. L., Taylor G. B., 1993, A&AS, 98, 137
- Freyer T., Hensler G., Yorke H. W., 2003, ApJ, 594, 888
- Freyer T., Hensler G., Yorke H. W., 2006, ApJ, 638, 262
- Gagné M., Oksala M. E., Cohen D. H., Tonnesen S. K., ud-Doula A., Owocki S. P., Townsend R. H. D., MacFarlane J. J., 2005, ApJ, 628, 986
- García-Arredondo F., Henney W. J., Arthur S. J., 2001, ApJ, 561, 830
- García-Arredondo F., Arthur S. J., Henney W. J., 2002, Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis., 38, 51
- Garcia-Segura G., Franco J., 1996, ApJ, 469, 171
- Gronenschild E. H. B. M., Mewe R., 1978, A&AS, 32, 283
- Güdel M., Briggs K. R., Montmerle T., Audard M., Rebull L., Skinner S. L., 2008, Sci, 319, 309
- Hartquist T. W., Dyson J. E., Pettini M., Smith L. J., 1986, MNRAS, 221, 715
- Henney W. J., 2003, Rev. Mex. Astrofis. Conf. Ser., 15, 175
- Henney W. J., Arthur S. J., 1998, AJ, 116, 322
- Henney W. J., O’Dell C. R., 1999, AJ, 118, 2350
- Henney W. J., O’Dell C. R., Meaburn J., Garrington S. T., Lopez J. A., 2002, ApJ, 566, 315
- Hillenbrand L. A., 1997, AJ, 113, 1733
- Mazzotta P., Mazzitelli G., Colafrancesco S., Vittorio N., 1998, A&AS, 133, 403
- Mewe R., Kaastra J. S., 1994, SRON Report SRON/SPEX/TRPB03, Version 1.0/Rev. 2.0
- Nazé Y., Chu Y.-H., Points S. D., Danforth C. W., Rosado M., Chen C.-H. R., 2001, AJ, 122, 921
- O’Dell C. R., Henney W. J., Abel N. P., Ferland G. J., Arthur S. J., 2009, AJ, 137, 367
- Osterbrock D., Flather E., 1959, ApJ, 129, 26
- Pittard J. M., Dyson J. E., Hartquist T. W., 2001a, A&A, 367, 1000
- Pittard J. M., Hartquist T. W., Dyson J. E., 2001b, A&A, 373, 1043
- Pittard J. M., Dyson J. E., Falle S. A. E. G., Hartquist T. W., 2005, MNRAS, 361, 1077
- Press W. H., Teukolsky S. A., Vetterling W. T., Flannery B. P., 1992, Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd edn. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
- Raga A. C., Mellema G., Arthur S. J., Binette L., Ferruit P., Steffen W., 1999, Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis., 35, 123
- Reyes-Iturbide J., Velázquez P. F., Rosado M., Rodríguez-González A., González R. F., Esquirel A., 2009, MNRAS, 394, 1009
- Rodriguez-Franco A., Martin-Pintado J., Fuente A., 1998, A&A, 329, 1097
- Rozyczka M., Tenorio-Tagle G., 1985, A&A, 147, 209
- Rybicki G. B., Lightman A. P., 1986, Radiative Processes in Astrophysics. Wiley, New York
- Schaerer D., de Koter A., 1997, A&A, 322, 598
- Simón-Díaz S., Herrero A., Esteban C., Najarro F., 2006, A&A, 448, 351
- Smith R. K., Brickhouse N. S., Liedahl D. A., Raymond J. C., 2001, ApJ, 556, L91
- Spitzer L., 1962, Physics of Fully Ionized Gases, 2nd edn. Interscience, New York
- Spitzer L., 1978, Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium. Wiley, New York
- Steffen M., Schönberner D., Warmuth A., 2008, A&A, 489, 173
- Sutherland R. S., 1998, MNRAS, 300, 321
- Sutherland R. S., Dopita M. A., 1993, ApJS, 88, 253
- Toalá J. A., Arthur S. J., 2011, ApJ, 737, 100
- Townsley L. K., Feigelson E. D., Montmerle T., Broos P. S., Chu Y.-H., Garmire G. P., 2003, ApJ, 593, 874
- Townsley L. K. et al., 2011, ApJS, 194, 15
- Troland T. H., Heiles C., Goss W. M., 1989, ApJ, 337, 342
- Weaver R., McCray R., Castor J., Shapiro P., Moore R., 1977, ApJ, 218, 377
- Yan M., Sadeghpour H. R., Dalgarno A., 1998, ApJ, 496, 1044
-
Zel’Dovich Y. B.,
Raizer Y. P., 1967, Physics of Shock Waves and High Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena. Academic Press,
New York
10.1115/1.3607836 Google Scholar