INVITED REVIEW
Role of oxidative stress, infection and inflammation in male infertility
Ashok Agarwal,
Mohit Rana,
Emily Qiu,
Hashem AlBunni,
Albert D. Bui,
Ralf Henkel,
Corresponding Author
Ashok Agarwal
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Correspondence
Ashok Agarwal, American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorMohit Rana
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorEmily Qiu
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorHashem AlBunni
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorAlbert D. Bui
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorRalf Henkel
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
Search for more papers by this authorAshok Agarwal,
Mohit Rana,
Emily Qiu,
Hashem AlBunni,
Albert D. Bui,
Ralf Henkel,
Corresponding Author
Ashok Agarwal
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Correspondence
Ashok Agarwal, American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorMohit Rana
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorEmily Qiu
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorHashem AlBunni
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorAlbert D. Bui
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorRalf Henkel
American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Oxidative stress (OS), defined as an overabundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or a deficiency of antioxidants, has been linked to sperm damage and male infertility. There are many sources of OS and inflammation including varicocele, tobacco usage, alcohol, obesity/metabolic syndrome, leukocytospermia, sexually transmitted disease (i.e., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum), bacterial prostatitis, microorganism mutations leading to more OS, and viral infections (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis). This review is focusing on infection and inflammation-mediated OS, the inflammatory markers underlying pathology, clinical significance in male infertility, and a brief description of the recommended treatment modalities.
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