Chapter 5
4D Printing of Polymers
Sivanagaraju Namathoti,
Pavan Kumar Gurrala,
Prakash Chandra,
M. R. K. Vakkalagadda,
Sivanagaraju Namathoti
School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
Search for more papers by this authorPavan Kumar Gurrala
Mechanical Engineering Department, SoT, Pandit Deendayal Energy University - PDEU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Search for more papers by this authorPrakash Chandra
Mechanical Engineering Department, SoT, Pandit Deendayal Energy University - PDEU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Search for more papers by this authorM. R. K. Vakkalagadda
School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
Search for more papers by this authorSivanagaraju Namathoti,
Pavan Kumar Gurrala,
Prakash Chandra,
M. R. K. Vakkalagadda,
Sivanagaraju Namathoti
School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
Search for more papers by this authorPavan Kumar Gurrala
Mechanical Engineering Department, SoT, Pandit Deendayal Energy University - PDEU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Search for more papers by this authorPrakash Chandra
Mechanical Engineering Department, SoT, Pandit Deendayal Energy University - PDEU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Search for more papers by this authorM. R. K. Vakkalagadda
School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Bijaya Bikram Samal,
Cheruvu Siva Kumar,
Shailendra Kumar Varshney,
Bijaya Bikram Samal
Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorCheruvu Siva Kumar
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorShailendra Kumar Varshney
Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communication, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 21 May 2025
Summary
4D printing (3D printing of shape memory material (SMM)) has many applications in engineering structures, biomedical scaffolds, electronic devices, and automotive parts. Among all SMM, shape-memory polymers (SMPs) have greater flexibility in manufacturability, higher shape recovery percentage, and capability of responding to various external stimuli (heat, magnetic field, pH value, electric field, etc.). Along with the multiple advantages of using SMPs, 3D printing (3DP) fulfills the requirement of fabricating complex parts, further enhancing the use of SMPs for large applications. SMPs can be 4D printed by various techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), polyjet printing, digital light printing (DLP), and direct ink-writing (DIW). This chapter presents insights into 4D printing techniques of SMPs, polymer materials, and their behavior. Further, this chapter provides insights about one-way and two-way SMPs along with their applications.
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