Methods, Materials, Shape Programming, and Applications of 4D Printing

Jian Ming Lee

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Jie Wei Chee,

Jie Wei Chee

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Joel Zi Xu Wong,

Joel Zi Xu Wong

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Li Yang Foong,

Li Yang Foong

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Marwan Nafea,

Marwan Nafea

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Jian Ming Lee,

Jian Ming Lee

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Jie Wei Chee,

Jie Wei Chee

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Joel Zi Xu Wong,

Joel Zi Xu Wong

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Li Yang Foong,

Li Yang Foong

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Marwan Nafea,

Marwan Nafea

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

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Book Editor(s):Bijaya Bikram Samal,

Bijaya Bikram Samal

Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

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Cheruvu Siva Kumar,

Cheruvu Siva Kumar

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

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Shailendra Kumar Varshney,

Shailendra Kumar Varshney

Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communication, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

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First published: 21 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394213795.ch10

Summary

Four-dimensional (4D) printing has emerged as a modern technology that allows the development of dynamic structures that are printed from smart materials. The 4D printing process offers several advantages compared to traditional fabrication methods of smart materials in terms of the speed, complexity, and cost of the fabrication process. Therefore, this technique has caught the attention of researchers around the world within a short period of time after it was proposed. Motivated by these attractive features, this chapter discusses the concept of 4D printing, as well as its main methods and materials. The main characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these methods and materials are also discussed. The chapter also discusses the main shape programming and shape change approaches in this area. In addition, the chapter discusses some of the main applications of 4D printing in the areas of electronics, biomedicine, origami, and robotics.

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4D Printing Technology: Principles, Materials and Applications