RESEARCH ARTICLE
A Wake-Up Call for Adolescents: Uncovering the Relationship Between Sleep and Circadian Factors on Executive Functioning and Risk-Taking Behaviours in Adolescents
Isabella D. Wright,
Kathleen Erekson Rugh,
Sarah Kamhout,
Mary Broadbent,
Nicholas York,
Kara McRae Duraccio,
Corresponding Author
Isabella D. Wright
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Correspondence:
Isabella D. Wright ([email protected])
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - review & editing, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorKathleen Erekson Rugh
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - review & editing, Data curation, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorSarah Kamhout
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMary Broadbent
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorNicholas York
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Data curation
Search for more papers by this authorKara McRae Duraccio
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Supervision, Conceptualization, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Validation, Writing - review & editing, Project administration
Search for more papers by this authorIsabella D. Wright,
Kathleen Erekson Rugh,
Sarah Kamhout,
Mary Broadbent,
Nicholas York,
Kara McRae Duraccio,
Corresponding Author
Isabella D. Wright
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Correspondence:
Isabella D. Wright ([email protected])
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - review & editing, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorKathleen Erekson Rugh
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Investigation, Writing - review & editing, Data curation, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorSarah Kamhout
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMary Broadbent
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorNicholas York
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Data curation
Search for more papers by this authorKara McRae Duraccio
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
Contribution: Supervision, Conceptualization, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Validation, Writing - review & editing, Project administration
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 21 July 2025
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
ABSTRACT
Poor sleep may heighten adolescent risk-taking and impair executive functioning (EF). Circadian misalignment (CM)—the gap between internal circadian timing and 24-h behavioural cycles—might also impact EF and risk-taking. However, the link between circadian factors and EF/risk-taking remains underexplored. This study investigates the relationships between sleep duration, circadian timing, morningness/eveningness preference and CM with adolescent EF and risk-taking behaviour. Participants (N = 52), aged 14–18, provided demographic information and completed the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire and Pubertal Development Scale. They wore Actiwatches for 11 days and attended a dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) appointment, completing the Youth Risk Behavior Survey and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Independent samples t-tests compared EF and risk-taking across four sleep health aspects: circadian timing (DLMO), morningness/eveningness preference, CM, and sleep duration. Evening preference significantly predicted higher risk-taking (g = 0.991), worsened EF (g = 0.75) and reduced metacognition and behavioural regulation (g's > 0.60). Inadequate sleep duration trended towards predicting reduced EF and inhibition (g's > 0.55). DLMO and CM were not associated with EF or risk-taking (Hedge's g < 0.5). Eveningness preference and lower sleep duration may increase risky behaviour and worsen EF in adolescents. Future research should explore whether increasing sleep duration and advancing sleep schedule preferences reduce risky behaviour and improve cognitive function.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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