Inflammatory biomarkers and intellectual disability in patients with Down syndrome
Corresponding Author
S. Manti
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Correspondence: Dr Sara Manti, Department of Pediatric Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1 98125 Messina, Italy, telephone: +39–090 2217360 (e-mail: [email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorM. C. Cutrupi
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorC. Cuppari
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorE. Ferro
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorV. Dipasquale
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. Di Rosa
Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. Chimenz
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. A. La Rosa
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. Valenti
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorV. Salpietro
Department of Molecular Neurosciences, University College of London, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
S. Manti
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Correspondence: Dr Sara Manti, Department of Pediatric Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1 98125 Messina, Italy, telephone: +39–090 2217360 (e-mail: [email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorM. C. Cutrupi
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorC. Cuppari
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorE. Ferro
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorV. Dipasquale
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. Di Rosa
Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. Chimenz
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. A. La Rosa
Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. Valenti
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorV. Salpietro
Department of Molecular Neurosciences, University College of London, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background
Intellectual disability (ID) is part of the Down syndrome (DS) phenotypic spectrum, but the exact molecular pathophysiology of ID in individuals with DS is not yet fully understood, with many research hypotheses still unproven. Basing on previous studies (which suggested a possible role of altered inflammatory response in DS-related ID), we assessed the serum levels of a number of inflammatory biomarkers [serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (C-RP), high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1)] in a cohort of individuals with DS and healthy controls.
Methods
In total, 24 children diagnosed with DS and 12 healthy controls were enrolled, and all underwent detailed cognitive assessment. Also, serum SAA, C-RP and HMGB1 levels were measured in all recruited subjects and correlated to the severity of ID in the DS group.
Results
Serum SAA, C-RP and HMGB1 values were found to be significantly higher in the DS group compared with the healthy subjects (P = 0.001). In addition, serum HMGB1 levels positively correlated with C-RP and SAA in the DS group but not in the healthy controls. Only serum C-RP levels resulted inversely correlated (P < 0.01) with intelligence quotient (IQ); conversely, significant statistical correlations between serum SAA levels and IQ (as well as between HMGB1 and IQ) have been not found (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
The levels of the determined markers were higher in DS individuals compared with (cognitively) healthy subjects, and CRP showed a negative correlation with IQ in children with DS.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.
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