When biogeographical provinces collide: hybridization of reef fishes at the crossroads of marine biogeographical provinces in the Arabian Sea
Corresponding Author
Joseph D. DiBattista
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845 Australia
Correspondence: Joseph D. DiBattista, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorLuiz A. Rocha
Section of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJean-Paul A. Hobbs
Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorSong He
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorMark A. Priest
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Marine Spatial Ecology Laboratory, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorTane H. Sinclair-Taylor
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorBrian W. Bowen
Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744 USA
Search for more papers by this authorMichael L. Berumen
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Joseph D. DiBattista
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845 Australia
Correspondence: Joseph D. DiBattista, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorLuiz A. Rocha
Section of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJean-Paul A. Hobbs
Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorSong He
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorMark A. Priest
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Marine Spatial Ecology Laboratory, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorTane H. Sinclair-Taylor
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorBrian W. Bowen
Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744 USA
Search for more papers by this authorMichael L. Berumen
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Aim
Suture zones are areas where closely related species from different biogeographical regions come into contact and interbreed. This concept originated from the study of terrestrial ecosystems but it remains unclear whether a similar phenomenon occurs in the marine environment. Here we investigate a potential suture zone from a previously unknown hybrid hotspot at the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen), located in the Arabian Sea, where fauna from the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, western Indian Ocean and greater Indo-Polynesian Province intersect.
Location
Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean.
Methods
Putative hybrid reef fish were identified based on intermediate coloration and morphology. Underwater observations and collections were conducted to determine: (1) whether parent species form heterospecific social groups or breeding pairs; (2) the sex and reproductive status of morphologically intermediate individuals; and (3) whether parent species were forming mixed species associations owing to a dearth of conspecific partners. To support hybrid status, morphologically intermediate and parental individuals were genotyped using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), nuclear recombination-activating gene 2 (RAG2) and the nuclear TMO-4C4 (TMO) gene.
Results
We observed putative hybrids involving 14 species from four reef fish families at Socotra. Most cases involved a parental species with a restricted distribution (e.g. Red Sea or Arabian Sea) and a broadly distributed Indo-Pacific species. In most cases, at least one of the parent species was rare at Socotra. Hybrid gene flow was largely unidirectional, and although introgression was rare, we found evidence that some butterflyfish and surgeonfish hybrids were fertile and formed breeding groups with parental species.
Main conclusions
The rate of hybrid discovery at Socotra is much greater than that recorded elsewhere in the marine environment and involved both allopatric and sympatric species. This study highlights the importance of biogeographical location, reef habitat, environmental conditions and abundance disparities at Socotra in potentially facilitating hybridization among reef fishes at the edge of their distribution.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| jbi12526-sup-0001-AppendixS1-S3.docxWord document, 190.6 KB | Appendix S1 Study species, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA loci, sample size and sampling sites (Table S1). Reef fish specimens from this study vouchered at the California Academy of Sciences (Table S2). Appendix S2 Individual-level information (where available) for all fish sampled at the Socotra Archipelago. Appendix S3 Median-joining networks showing relationships among mitochondrial DNA control region haplotypes. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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