Assessing vitamin D in the central nervous system
T. Holmøy,
S. M. Moen,
T. Holmøy
Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorS. M. Moen
Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorT. Holmøy,
S. M. Moen,
T. Holmøy
Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorS. M. Moen
Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorTrygve Holmøy, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, NorwayTel.: +47 22118080Fax: +4723073710e-mail: [email protected]
Conflicts of interest: TH has received consultant or speakers honorarium from Biogen, Sanofi Aventis, Merck Serono, and Novartis. SMM declares no conflict of interest.
Abstract
Holmøy T, Moen SM. Assessing vitamin D in the central nervous system. Acta Neurol Scand: 2010: 122 (Suppl. 190): 88–92. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggest that vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. The activated form of vitamin D exerts several immunomodulating properties in vitro and in vivo, that could contribute to explain the association with multiple sclerosis. Hypovitaminosis D is also associated with several other neurological diseases that is less likely mediated by dysregulated immune responses, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and affective disorders, suggesting a more diverse role for vitamin D in the maintenance of brain health. Accordingly, both the vitamin D receptor and the enzymes necessary to synthesize bioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D are expressed in the brain, and hypovitaminosis D is associated with abnormal development and function of the brain. We here review current knowledge on the intrathecal vitamin D homeostasis in heath and disease, highlighting the need to assess vitamin D in the intrathecal compartment.
References
- 1 Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 2062–72.
- 2 Haagensen CD, Lloyd WEB. A hundred years of medicine. Washington DC: Sheridan House, 1943. reprinted in 2000 by Beard Books.
- 3 Hess AF. On the induction of antirachitic prperties in rations by exposure to sunlight. Science 1924; 60: 269.
- 4 Hume EM, Smith HH. The effect of irradiation of the environment with ultra-violet light upon the growth and calcification of rats, fed on a diet deficient in fat-soluble vitamins. The Part played by irradiated sawdust. Biochem J 1924; 18: 1334–48.
- 5 Steenbock H. The induction of growth promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to light. Science 1924; 60: 224–5.
- 6 Holick MF. Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19: 73–8.
- 7 Mørner KAH. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1903. Presentation Speech. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/press.html.
- 8 Kamen DL, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity. J Mol Med 2010; Epub Feb 1 2010, PMID: 20119827.
- 9 Tsoukas CD, Provvedini DM, Manolagas SC. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: a novel immunoregulatory hormone. Science 1984; 224: 1438–40.
- 10 Tuohimaa P, Keisala T, Minasyan A, Cachat J, Kalueff A. Vitamin D, nervous system and aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34(Suppl. 1): 278–86.
- 11 Neveu I, Naveilhan P, Menaa C, Wion D, Brachet P, Garabeidan M. Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by rat brain macrophages in vitro. J Neurosci Res 1994; 38: 214–20.
- 12 Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, Hewison M, Mcgrath JJ. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2005; 29: 21–30.
- 13 Monakawa T, Hayashi M, Saruta T. Identification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression in macrophages. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 559–68.
- 14 Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L et al. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev 2008; 29: 726–76.
- 15 Wang TT, Tavera-Mendoza LE, Laperriere D et al. Large-scale in silico and microarray-based identification of direct 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target genes. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19: 2685–95.
- 16 Khanal RC, Peters TM, Smith NM, Nemere I. Membrane receptor-initiated signaling in 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated calcium uptake in intestinal epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105: 1109–16.
- 17 Stumpf WE, Sar M, Clark SA, Deluca HF. Brain target sites for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science 1982; 215: 1403–5.
- 18 Naveilhan P, Neveu I, Wion D, Brachet P. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, an inducer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuroreport 1996; 7: 2171–75.
- 19 Wion D, Macgrogan D, Neveu I, Jehan F, Hougatte R, Brachet P. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a potent inducer of nerve growth factor synthesis. J Neurosci Res 1991; 28: 110–4.
- 20 Taniura H, Ito M, Sanada N et al. Chronic vitamin D3 treatment protects against neurotoxicity by glutamate in association with upregulation of vitamin D receptor mRNA expression in cultured rat cortical neurons. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83: 1179–89.
- 21 Marini F, Bartoccini E, Cascianelli G et al. Effect of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in embryonic hippocampal cells. Hippocampus 2009; Epub Feb 14 2009, PMID: 19603526.
- 22 Eyles DW, Feron F, Cui X et al. Developmental vitamin D deficiency causes abnormal brain development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34(Suppl. 1): 247–57.
- 23 Feron F, Burne TH, Brown J et al. Developmental vitamin D3 deficiency alters the adult rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2005; 65: 141–8.
- 24 Myhr KM. Vitamin D treatment in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2009; 286: 104–8.
- 25 Goldberg P, Fleming MC, Picard EH. Multiple sclerosis: decreased relapse rate through dietary supplementation with calcium, magnesium and vitamin D. Med Hypotheses 1986; 21: 193–200.
- 26 Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2006; 296: 2832–8.
- 27 Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’relly E et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004; 62: 60–5.
- 28 Salzer J, Svenningsson A, Sundstrøm P. Season of birth and multiple sclerosis in Sweden. Acta Neurol Scand 2010; 121: 20–3.
- 29 Kampman MT, Brustad M. Vitamin D: a candidate for the environmental effect in multiple sclerosis – observations from Norway. Neuroepidemiology 2008; 30: 140–146.
- 30 Correale J, Yssraelit MC, Gaitan MI. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2009; 132: 1146–60.
- 31 Smolders J, Thewissen M, Peelen E et al. Vitamin D status is positively correlated with regulatory T cell function in patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 2009; 4: e6635.
- 32 Ramagopalan SV, Maugeri NJ, Handunnetthi L et al. Expression of the multiple sclerosis-associated MHC class II Allele HLA-DRB1*1501 is regulated by vitamin D. PLoS Genet 2009; 5: e1000369.
- 33 Mahon BD, Gordon SA, Cruz J, Cosman F, Cantorna MT. Cytokine profile in patients with multiple sclerosis following vitamin D supplementation. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 134: 128–32.
- 34 Nashold FE, Spach KM, Spanier JA, Hayes CE. Estrogen controls vitamin D3-mediated resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by controlling vitamin D3 metabolism and receptor expression. J Immunol 2009; 183: 3672–81.
- 35 Celius EG, Smestad C. Change in sex ratio, disease course and age at diagnosis in Oslo MS patients through seven decades. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2009; 189: 27–9.
- 36
Baas D,
Prufer K,
Ittel ME
et al.
Rat oligodendrocytes express the vitamin D(3) receptor and respond to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3).
Glia
2000; 31: 59–68.
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(200007)31:1<59::AID-GLIA60>3.0.CO;2-Y CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 37 De Apreu DA, Eyles D, Feron F. Vitamin D, a neuro-immunomodulator: implications for neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34(Suppl. 1): 265–77.
- 38 Cass WA, Smith MP, Peters LE. Calcitriol protects against the dopamine- and serotonin-depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006; 1074: 261–71.
- 39 Kalueff AV, Minasyan A, Keisala T, Kuuslathi M, Miettinen S, Tuohimaa P. Increased severity of chemically induced seizures in mice with partially deleted Vitamin D receptor gene. Neurosci Lett 2006; 394: 69–73.
- 40 Spector R, Johanson CE. Vitamin transport and homeostasis in mammalian brain: focus on Vitamins B and E. J Neurochem 2007; 103: 425–38.
- 41 Xiao F, Chen D, Lu Y et al. Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with idiopathic temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2009; 1255: 180–9.
- 42 Qin Z, Qin Y, Liu S. Alteration of DBP levels in CSF of patients with MS by proteomics analysis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29: 203–10.
- 43 Ottervald J, Franzen B, Nilsson K et al. Multiple sclerosis: Identification and clinical evaluation of novel CSF biomarkers. J Proteomics 2010; 73: 1117–32.
- 44 Gascon-Barre M, Huet PM. Apparent [3H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 uptake by canine and rodent brain. Am J Physiol 1983; 244: 266–71.
- 45 Pardridge WM, Sakiyama R, Coty WA. Restricted transport of vitamin D and A derivatives through the rat blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 1985; 44: 1138–41.
- 46 Balabanova S, Richter HP, Antoniadis G et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human cerebrospinal fluid. Klin Wochenschr 1984; 62: 1086–90.
- 47 Holmøy T, Moen SM, Gundersen TA et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D in cerebrospinal fluid during relapse and remission of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 1280–5.
- 48 Kremer R, Herscovitch P, Goltzman D. Detection of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in human cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Res 1980; 28: 692. (Abstract).
- 49 Torkildsen Ø, Knappskog PM, Nyland HI, Myhr KM. Vitamin D-dependent rickets as a possible risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 809–11.
