Anxiety and child protection – implications for practitioner–parent relations
Corresponding Author
Lorraine Waterhouse
Professor,
Lorraine Waterhouse,School of Social and Political Science,University of Edinburgh,Chrystal Macmillan Building,15A George Square,Edinburgh EH8 9LD,UKE-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJanice McGhee
Senior Lecturer, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Lorraine Waterhouse
Professor,
Lorraine Waterhouse,School of Social and Political Science,University of Edinburgh,Chrystal Macmillan Building,15A George Square,Edinburgh EH8 9LD,UKE-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJanice McGhee
Senior Lecturer, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Search for more papers by this authorABSTRACT
Social work practitioners face powerful existential threats in child protection. Core aspects of anxiety and their significance for practitioner–parent relations are identified. Social and psychoanalytic theories are utilized to suggest that the production of anxiety in child protection stems from multiple sources and that insufficient attention has been paid to the social context of poverty and disadvantage. Menzies' core analytic categories of primary and secondary anxiety are applied and extended to take account of specific dimensions of the social and organizational context of child protection practice for social work. Processing the anxiety is central to practitioner–parent relations that lie at the heart of the protection of children.
REFERENCES
- Audit Commission (2002) Recruitment and Retention: A Public Sector Workforce for the Twenty-First Century. Audit Commission, London.
- Audit Scotland (2007) Dealing with Offending by Young People. Performance Update. Audit Scotland, Edinburgh.
- Axford, N. & Bullock, R. (2005) Child Death and Significant Case Review: International Approaches. Dartington Social Research Unit, Edinburgh. Executive Education Department Insight 19.
- Bebbington, A. & Miles, J. (1989) The background of children who enter local authority care. British Journal of Social Work, 19, 349–368.
- Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Sage, London.
- Beckett, C. (2001) The great care proceedings explosion. British Journal of Social Work, 31, 493–501.
- Bell, M., Shaw, I., Sinclair, I., Sloper, P. & Rafferty, J. (2007) The Integrated Children's System: An Evaluation of the Practice, Process, and Consequences of the ICS in Councils with Social Services Responsibilities. A Report to the Department for Education and Skills/Welsh Assembly Government, May 2007.
- Broadhurst, K. & White, S. (2009) Raging against the machine. Professional Social Work, January , 8–10.
- Buckley, H. (1999) Child protection practice: an ungovernable enterprise? The Economic and Social Review, 30, 21–40.
- Bulmer, L. (2005) Time for Work Study, 21st Century Review of Social Work. Available at: http://www.socialworkscotland.org.uk/resources/pub/TimeforWorkReport.pdf (accessed 21 March 2009).
- Burkert, H. (1999) Trust and information. In: Trust in Public Life, Hume Papers on Public Policy, vol. 7 (eds L Waterhouse & H. Beloff), pp. 26–32. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Children's Workforce Development Council (2006) Occupation Summary Sheet (October 2006). Occupation Child and Family Social Work. Available at: http://www.cwdcouncil.org.uk/pdf/RRR/OSS_Child_Family_Social_Worker.pdf (accessed 3 March 2008).
- Cooper, A. (2008) Welfare: dead, dying or just transubstantiated? Soundings, 38, 29–41.
- Cooper, A. & Lousada, J. (2005) Borderline Welfare. Feeling and Fear of Feeling in Modern Welfare. Karnac Press, London.
- Cooper, A., Hetherington, R., Baistow, K., Pitts, J. & Spriggs, A. (1995) Positive Child Protection. A View from Abroad. Russell House Publishing, Lyme Regis.
- Corby, B. (2000) Child Abuse: Towards a Knowledge Base. Open University Press, Milton Keynes.
- Coulton, G.J., Korbin, J.E. & Su, M. (1999) Community level factors and child maltreatment rates. Child Development, 66, 1262–1276.
- Creighton, S.J. & Tissier, G. (2003) Child Killings in England and Wales. NSPCC, London.
- Dearing, E. (2008) Psychological costs of growing up poor. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1136, 324–332.
- Dent, R.J. (1998) Dangerous care: working to protect children. The Bridge Child Care Development Service cited in Scottish Executive (2002) ‘It's everyone's job to make sure I'm alright’ Literature Review. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh.
- Department for Children, Schools and Families (2007) Referrals, Assessments and Children and Young People who are Subject of a Child Protection Plan or are on Child Protection Registers, England – Year Ending 31 March 2007. Department for Children, Schools and Families, London.
- Department for Constitutional Affairs (2005) Judicial Statistics Annual Report 2005, Cm 6799. The Stationery Office, London.
- Department of Health (1995) Child Protection. Messages from Research. Studies in Child Protection. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
-
Department of Health (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. The Stationery Office, London.
10.1037/e363212004-001 Google Scholar
- Department of Health (2002) Referrals, Assessments and Children and Young People on Child Protection Registers, England – Year Ending 31 March 2002. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
- Department of Health and Social Security (1974) Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Care and Supervision Provided in Relation to Maria Colwell. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
- Dore, R. (1999) Trust and the workings of market capitalism. In: Trust in Public Life, Hume Papers on Public Policy, Vol. 7 (eds L. Waterhouse & H. Beloff), pp. 2–15. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
-
Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger. Routledge, Abingdon.
10.4324/9780203361832 Google Scholar
- Drake, B. & Pandy, S. (1996) Understanding the relationship between neighborhood poverty and specific types of child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 1003–1018.
- Edwards, P., Roberts, I., Green, J. & Lutchmum, S. (2006) Deaths from injury and employment status in family: analysis of trends in class specific death rates. British Medical Journal, 333, 119–121.
- Elsley, S., Backett-Milburn, K. & Jamieson, L. (2007) Review of Research on Vulnerable Young People and Their Transitions to Independent Living. Scottish Executive Social Research, Edinburgh.
- Employers Organisation (2005) Sickness Absence in Social Services 2004/05. Available at: http://www.lge.gov.uk/lge/aio/58584 (accessed 6 March 2008).
- Forrester, D., Kershaw, S., Moss, H. & Hughes, L. (2008) Communication skills in child protection: how do social workers talk to parents? Child and Family Social Work, 13, 41–51.
- Francis, J., McGhee, J. & Mordaunt, E. (2006) Protecting Children in Scotland: An Investigation of Risk Assessment and Inter-agency Collaboration in the Use of Child Protection Orders. Scottish Executive Education Department, Edinburgh.
- Gardner, V. (1993) The psychological maltreatment of children. University of East Anglia cited in Scottish Executive (2002) ‘It's everyone's job to make sure I'm alright’ Literature Review. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh.
- Garrett, P.M. (2005) Social work's ‘electronic turn’ notes on the development of information and communication technologies in social work with children and families. Critical Social Policy, 24, 529–553.
- Gibbons, J., Thorpe, S. & Wilkinson, P. (1990) Family Support and Prevention: Studies in Local Areas. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
- Gibbons, J., Gallagher, B., Bell, C. & Gordon, D. (1995) Development after Physical Abuse in Early Childhood: A Follow-Up Study of Children on Protection Registers. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
- Goffman, E. (1963) STIGMA Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Penguin Books, London.
- Gregg, P., Harkness, S. & Machin, S. (1999) Child Development and Family Income. York Publishing Services, York.
- Hacking, I. (1992) World-making by kind-making: child abuse for example. In: How Classification Works. Nelson Goodman among the Social Sciences (eds M. Douglas & D. Hull), pp. 180–238. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
- Hill, M. (1990) The manifest and latent lessons of child abuse inquiries. British Journal of Social Work, 20, 197–213.
- King, M. (1995) Law's healing of children's hearings: the paradox moves north. Journal of Social Policy, 24, 315–340.
- Laming, L. (2003) The Victoria Climbié Inquiry. Report of an Inquiry. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
- Lifting the Burdens Task Force (2008) Review of the Department of Children, Schools and Families, Final Report-recommendations. Available at: http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/507390/pdf/682640.pdf (accessed 8 January 2009).
- Local Government Analysis and Research (2007) Local Government Employment Digest No. 369, December 2007. Available at: http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/aio/1098392 (accessed 8 January 2009).
- London Borough of Brent (1985) A Child in Trust: The Report of the Panel of Inquiry into the Circumstances Surrounding the Death of Jasmine Beckford 1985. London Borough of Brent, London.
- MacDonald, K. (1995) Comparative homicide and the proper aims of social work: a sceptical note. British Journal of Social Work, 25, 489–497.
-
McGhee, J. &
Waterhouse, L. (2007) Care and protection in Scottish child welfare: evidence of double jeopardy?
European Journal of Social Work, 10, 145–160.
10.1080/13691450701317780 Google Scholar
- March, J.G. (1988) James G. March. In: Writers on Organizations 6th edn (2007 eds D.S. Pugh & D.J. Hickson), pp. 137–142. Penguin Books, London.
- Masson, J., Winn Oakley, M. & Pick, K. (2004) Emergency Protection Orders. Courts Orders for Child Protection Crises. School of Law, University of Warwick, Warwick.
- Menzies, I.E.P. (1970) The Functioning of Social Systems as a Defence Against Anxiety. A Report on a Study of the Nursing Service of a General Hospital. Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, London.
- Mor Barak, M.E., Levin, A., Nissly, J.A. & Lane, C.J. (2006) Why do they leave? Modelling child welfare workers' turnover intentions. Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 548–577.
-
Munro, E. &
Parton, N. (2007) How far is England in the process of introducing a mandatory reporting system?
Child Abuse Review, 16, 5–16.
10.1002/car.973 Google Scholar
- Packman, J. (1968) Child Care Needs and Numbers. Allen and Unwin, London.
-
Parton, N. (1997) Child Protection Risk and Moral Order. Macmillan, London.
10.1007/978-1-349-24072-2 Google Scholar
- Parton, N. (2008) Changes in the form of knowledge in social work: from the ‘social’ to the ‘informational’? British Journal of Social Work, 38, 253–269.
-
Parton, N. &
Mathews, R. (2001) New directions in child protection and family support in Western Australia: a policy initiative to re-focus child welfare practice.
Child & Family
Social Work, 6, 97–113.
10.1111/j.1365-2206.2001.00186.x Google Scholar
-
Pugh, D.S. &
Hickson, D.J. (2007) Writers on Organizations. Penguin Books, London.
10.4135/9781483329628 Google Scholar
-
Rustin, M. (2005) Conceptual analysis of critical moments in Victoria Climbié's life.
Child & Family Social Work, 10, 11–19.
10.1111/j.1365-2206.2005.00351.x Google Scholar
- Samuel, M. (2005) Profession becoming less focused on clients and more on paperwork. Community Care, 15 December 2005–4 January 2006.
- Schorr, A. (1992) The Personal Social Services: An Outsider View. Joseph Rowntree Trust, York.
- Scottish Children's Reporter Administration (2007) Annual Report 2006/07. Scottish Children's Reporter Administration, Stirling.
- Scottish Concordat (2007) The Concordat. Available at: http://www.cosla.gov.uk/attachments/aboutcosla/concordatnov07.pdf (accessed 8 January 2009).
- Scottish Executive (2002a) Child Protection Statistics for the Year Ended 31 March 2001. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2002/09/15356/10689 (accessed 6 March 2008).
- Scottish Executive (2002b) It's Everyone's Job to Make Sure I'm Alright. Literature Review. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh.
- Scottish Executive (2005) Getting It Right for Every Child Proposals for Action. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh.
- Scottish Executive (2006a) Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2006. Executive National Statistics Publication, Edinburgh.
- Scottish Executive (2006b) Changing Lives Report of the 21st Century Social Work Review. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh.
- Shulman, L. (1991) Interactional Social Work Practice: Toward an Empirical Theory. Peacock Publishers, Itasca.
- Spratt, T. (2001) The influence of child protection orientation on child welfare practice. British Journal of Social Work, 31, 933–954.
- Stanley, J. & Goddard, C. (2002) In the Firing Line. Wiley, Chichester.
- Stevens, I. & Cox, P. (2008) Complexity theory: developing new understandings of child protection in field settings and in residential child care. British Journal of Social Work, 38, 1320–1336.
- Stevenson, O. (1986) Guest editorial on the Jasmine Beckford inquiry. British Journal of Social Work, 16, 501–510.
-
Stevenson, O. (1996) Emotional abuse and neglect: a time for reappraisal.
Child & Family Social Work, 1, 13–18.
10.1111/j.1365-2206.1996.tb00003.x Google Scholar
- Taylor, H., Beckett, C. & McKeigue, B. (2008) Judgements of Solomon: anxieties and defences of social workers involved in care proceedings. Child & Family Social Work, 13, 23–31.
- Tham, P. (2007) Why are they leaving? Factors affecting intention to leave among social workers in child welfare. British Journal of Social Work, 37, 1225–1246.
- The Information Centre for Health and Social Care (2007) Personal Social Services Staff of Social Services Departments at 30 September 2006. Adult Social Care Statistics, Leeds.
- The Scottish Government (2007a) Child Protection Statistics 2006/07. Statistics Publication Notice, Health and Care Series. The Scottish Government, Edinburgh. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/09/20161825/0 (accessed 12 March 2008).
- The Scottish Government (2007b) Social Worker Posts and Vacancies: October 2007. Statistics Publication Notice, Health and Care Series. The Scottish Government, Edinburgh.
- United Kingdom Parliament, House of Commons, Children, Families and Schools Committee (2008) Uncorrected Transcript of Oral Evidence from 10 December 2008.
-
Waterhouse, L. &
McGhee, J. (2002) Children's hearings in Scotland: compulsion and disadvantage.
Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 24, 279–296.
10.1080/09649060210161285 Google Scholar
- Weber, M. (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organisations. The Free Press, New York.
- Winter, K. & Connolly, P. (2005) A small-scale study of the relationship between measures of deprivation and child-care referrals. British Journal of Social Work, 35, 937–952.