REVIEW ARTICLE
Effects of Psychoeducation on Caregivers of Individuals Experiencing Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jin Yin Alicia Chow,
Yu Ting Tracy Yeo,
Yong Shian Goh,
Jin Yin Alicia Chow
Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorYu Ting Tracy Yeo
Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yong Shian Goh
Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Correspondence:
Yong Shian Goh ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorJin Yin Alicia Chow,
Yu Ting Tracy Yeo,
Yong Shian Goh,
Jin Yin Alicia Chow
Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorYu Ting Tracy Yeo
Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yong Shian Goh
Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Correspondence:
Yong Shian Goh ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorFunding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
ABSTRACT
The existing paradigm on recovery in mental health prioritises self-empowerment and person-centred, community-based care, which necessitates family caregivers' collaboration to support individuals with schizophrenia in the community. However, the role of family caregivers is often under-recognised and hence insufficiently supported. This consequently compromises caregivers' well-being and, ultimately, the recovery of individuals with schizophrenia. Although caregiver-targeted psychoeducation may offer practical support, its effectiveness lacks conclusive evidence. This review aimed to evaluate the impacts of psychoeducation on caregiver-related outcomes (caregiver burden, quality of life and expressed emotion). Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to September 2023, supplemented by hand searching of end-reference lists. Two reviewers independently conducted title and abstract screening with predetermined eligibility criteria. A third reviewer was consulted to resolve any discrepancies. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled effect sizes alongside subgroup and sensitivity analyses where appropriate. Twenty-one studies (totalling 1639 caregivers) were included, based on which psychoeducation contributed to a statistically significant improvement in caregiver-related outcomes. Given substantial heterogeneity, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were done for the durations and the evaluative scales for psychoeducation. Quality appraisal revealed unclear or high bias in most studies. Notwithstanding the heterogeneity, the directions of the effect sizes consistently indicated the effectiveness of psychoeducation across all outcomes. This finding aligned with Lazarus' stress appraisal and coping theory, which states that psychoeducation improves caregivers' knowledge, coping mechanisms and situation appraisal. Our findings offer encouraging evidence to advocate the integration of psychoeducation into healthcare services, but policy-based support is warranted for sustained implementation. Further research is merited to optimise its duration and content and appraise its long-term impacts through disease-specific scales for objective and subjective outcomes.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
Supporting Information
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