Different effects of multiscale microstructure on fatigue crack growth path and rate in selective laser melted Ti6Al4V
Zhao Qi
Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Search for more papers by this authorBin Wang
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Peng Zhang
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Correspondence
Peng Zhang and Zhefeng Zhang, Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRiu Liu
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhenjun Zhang
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Zhefeng Zhang
Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Correspondence
Peng Zhang and Zhefeng Zhang, Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorZhao Qi
Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Search for more papers by this authorBin Wang
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Peng Zhang
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Correspondence
Peng Zhang and Zhefeng Zhang, Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRiu Liu
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhenjun Zhang
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Zhefeng Zhang
Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Correspondence
Peng Zhang and Zhefeng Zhang, Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
Email: [email protected] and [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 52130002; Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant/Award Numbers: 2018226, 2021192; IMR Innovation Fund, Grant/Award Numbers: 2021-PY05, 2022-PY06; K. C. Wong Education Foundation, Grant/Award Number: GJTD-2020-09
Abstract
During the selective laser melting (SLM) process of Ti6Al4V, a special structure can be formed with columnar prior β grains along the building direction and fully martensitic α′ within the β grain. To investigate the influence of such special structure on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate, Ti6Al4V specimens fabricated by SLM were heat-treated at two different temperatures in this study. The columnar grains were retained, and the martensite was decomposed when heat-treated below the β transus. It is found that all the SLM features were removed when heat-treated above the β transus. FCG rate tests were subsequently performed at room temperature, and it was found that the prior β grains affected the macroscopic fracture morphology, but there was no discernible influence on the FCG rate. The morphology of the α phase affected the crack growth path and the FCG rate. Changes in the strength-toughness relationship induced by heat treatment can help understand the decrease in the FCG rate.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
REFERENCES
- 1Boyer RR. Attributes, characteristics, and applications of titanium and its alloys. JOM. 2010; 62(5): 21-24.
- 2Cui C, Hu B, Zhao L, Liu S. Titanium alloy production technology, market prospects and industry development. Maternite. 2011; 32(3): 1684-1691.
- 3Dutta B, Froes FH. Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2016.
10.1016/B978-0-12-804782-8.00003-3 Google Scholar
- 4Frazier WE. Metal additive manufacturing: a review. J Mater Eng Perform. 2014; 23(6): 1917-1928.
- 5Qiu C, Adkins NJE, Attallah MM. Microstructure and tensile properties of selectively laser-melted and of HIPed laser-melted Ti–6Al–4V. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013; 578: 230-239.
- 6Thijs L, Verhaeghe F, Craeghs T, Humbeeck JV, Kruth J-P. A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti–6Al–4V. Acta Mater. 2010; 58(9): 3303-3312.
- 7du Plessis A, Beretta S. Killer notches: The effect of as-built surface roughness on fatigue failure in AlSi10Mg produced by laser powder bed fusion. Addit Manuf. 2020; 35:101424.
- 8Sanaei N, Fatemi A. Defects in additive manufactured metals and their effect on fatigue performance: a state-of-the-art review. Prog Mater Sci. 2021; 117:100724.
- 9Edwards P, Ramulu M. Fatigue performance evaluation of selective laser melted Ti–6Al–4V. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014; 598: 327-337.
- 10Hu YN, Wu SC, Withers PJ, et al. The effect of manufacturing defects on the fatigue life of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V structures. Maternite. 2020; 192:108708.
- 11Peng X, Wu S, Qian W, et al. The potency of defects on fatigue of additively manufactured metals. Int J Mech Sci. 2022; 221:107185.
- 12Beretta S. More than 25 years of extreme value statistics for defects: fundamentals, historical developments, recent applications. Int J Fatigue. 2021; 151:106407.
- 13Wu Z, Wu S, Bao J, et al. The effect of defect population on the anisotropic fatigue resistance of AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Int J Fatigue. 2021; 151:106317.
- 14Waddell M, Walker K, Bandyopadhyay R, et al. Small fatigue crack growth behavior of Ti-6Al-4V produced via selective laser melting: In situ characterization of 3D crack tip interactions with defects. Int J Fatigue. 2020; 137:105638.
- 15Muro-Barrios R, Cui Y, Lambros J, Chew HB. Dual-scale porosity effects on crack growth in additively manufactured metals: 3D ductile fracture models. J Mech Phys Solids. 2022; 159:104727.
- 16Liu S, Shin YC. Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: a review. Maternite. 2019; 164:107552.
- 17Yang J, Yu H, Yin J, Gao M, Wang Z, Zeng X. Formation and control of martensite in Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by selective laser melting. Maternite. 2016; 108: 308-318.
- 18Cain V, Thijs L, Van Humbeeck J, Van Hooreweder B, Knutsen R. Crack propagation and fracture toughness of Ti6Al4V alloy produced by selective laser melting. Addit Manuf. 2015; 5: 68-76.
- 19Rans C, Michielssen J, Walker M, Wang W, Lt H-V. Beyond the orthogonal: on the influence of build orientation on fatigue crack growth in SLM Ti-6Al-4V. Int J Fatigue. 2018; 116: 344-354.
- 20Yan X, Yin S, Chen C, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the phase transformation and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V fabricated by selective laser melting. J Alloys Compd. 2018; 764: 1056-1071.
- 21Liang Z, Sun Z, Zhang W, Wu S, Chang H. The effect of heat treatment on microstructure evolution and tensile properties of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V alloy. J Alloys Compd. 2019; 782: 1041-1048.
- 22Vrancken B, Thijs L, Kruth J-P, Van Humbeeck J. Heat treatment of Ti6Al4V produced by selective laser melting: microstructure and mechanical properties. J Alloys Compd. 2012; 541: 177-185.
- 23Wang K, Bao R, Jiang B, Wu Y, Liu D, Yan C. Effect of primary α phase on the fatigue crack path of laser melting deposited Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe near β titanium alloy. Int J Fatigue. 2018; 116: 535-542.
- 24Stock L SR, MA. Fatigue-crack growth in Ti-6Al-4V-0.1 Ru in air and seawater: part II. crack path and microstructure. Metall Mater Trans A. 2001; 32(9): 2315-2324.
- 25Konečná R, Kunz L, Bača A, Nicoletto G. Resistance of direct metal laser sintered Ti6Al4V alloy against growth of fatigue cracks. Eng Fract Mech. 2017; 185: 82-91.
- 26Zhang H, Dong D, Su S, Chen A. Experimental study of effect of post processing on fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth performance of selective laser melting Ti-6Al-4V. Chin J Aeronaut. 2019; 32(10): 2383-2393.
- 27Kumar P, Ramamurty U. Microstructural optimization through heat treatment for enhancing the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V alloy. Acta Mater. 2019; 169: 45-59.
- 28Tarik Hasib M, Ostergaard HE, Li X, Kruzic JJ. Fatigue crack growth behavior of laser powder bed fusion additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V: Roles of post heat treatment and build orientation. Int J Fatigue. 2021; 142:105955.
- 29Welsch G, Boyer R, Collings E. Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys. ASM Int; 1994.
- 30VanSickle R, Foehring D, Chew HB, Lambros J. Microstructure effects on fatigue crack growth in additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020; 795:139993.
- 31Dareh Baghi A, Nafisi S, Hashemi R, Ebendorff-Heidepriem H, Ghomashchi R. Effective post processing of SLM fabricated Ti-6Al-4 V alloy: Machining vs thermal treatment. J Manuf Processes. 2021; 68: 1031-1046.
- 32Wu SQ, Lu YJ, Gan YL, et al. Microstructural evolution and microhardness of a selective-laser-melted Ti–6Al–4V alloy after post heat treatments. J Alloys Compd. 2016; 672: 643-652.
- 33Ter Haar GM. Selective Laser Melting-Produced Ti6Al4V: Influence of Annealing Strategies on Crystallographic Microstructure and Tensile Behaviour. Stellenbosch University; 2017.
- 34Yang X, Li Y, M-g D, Jiang W, Chen D, Li B. An investigation of ductile fracture behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. J Alloys Compd. 2022; 890:161926.
- 35Van Hooreweder B, Moens D, Boonen R, Kruth J-P, Sas P. Analysis of fracture toughness and crack propagation of Ti6Al4V produced by selective laser melting. Adv Eng Mater. 2012; 14(1–2): 92-97.
- 36Jesus JS, Borrego LP, Ferreira JAM, Costa JD, Capela C. Fatigue crack growth under corrosive environments of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by SLM. Eng Fail Anal. 2020; 118:104852.
- 37Xu ZK, Wang B, Zhang P, Zhang ZF. Short fatigue crack growth behavior in 18Ni maraging steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2021; 807:140844.
- 38Ye H, Le F, Wei C, Ye K, Liu S, Wang G. Fatigue crack growth behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated via laser metal deposition: effects of building orientation and heat treatment. J Alloys Compd. 2021; 868:159023.
- 39Galarraga H, Warren RJ, Lados DA, Dehoff RR, Kirka MM. Fatigue crack growth mechanisms at the microstructure scale in as-fabricated and heat treated Ti-6Al-4V ELI manufactured by electron beam melting (EBM). Eng Fract Mech. 2017; 176: 263-280.
- 40Li HF, Zhang P, Wang B, Zhang ZF. Predictive fatigue crack growth law of high-strength steels. J Mater Sci Technol. 2022; 100: 46-50.
- 41Romero C, Yang F, Bolzoni L. Fatigue and fracture properties of Ti alloys from powder-based processes – a review. Int J Fatigue. 2018; 117: 407-419.