CRITICAL REVIEW AND INVITED COMMENTARY
Imaging biomarkers of posttraumatic epileptogenesis
Rachael Garner,
Marianna La Rocca,
Paul Vespa,
Nigel Jones,
Martin M. Monti,
Arthur W. Toga,
Dominique Duncan,
Rachael Garner
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMarianna La Rocca
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPaul Vespa
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNigel Jones
Department of Neuroscience, Van Cleef Centre for Nervous Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorMartin M. Monti
Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorArthur W. Toga
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dominique Duncan
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Correspondence
Dominique Duncan, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2025 Zonal Avenue #210, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRachael Garner,
Marianna La Rocca,
Paul Vespa,
Nigel Jones,
Martin M. Monti,
Arthur W. Toga,
Dominique Duncan,
Rachael Garner
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMarianna La Rocca
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPaul Vespa
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNigel Jones
Department of Neuroscience, Van Cleef Centre for Nervous Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorMartin M. Monti
Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorArthur W. Toga
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dominique Duncan
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Correspondence
Dominique Duncan, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2025 Zonal Avenue #210, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 2.5 million people annually within the United States alone, with over 300 000 severe injuries resulting in emergency room visits and hospital admissions. Severe TBI can result in long-term disability. Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most debilitating consequences of TBI, with an estimated incidence that ranges from 2% to 50% based on severity of injury. Conducting studies of PTE poses many challenges, because many subjects with TBI never develop epilepsy, and it can be more than 10 years after TBI before seizures begin. One of the unmet needs in the study of PTE is an accurate biomarker of epileptogenesis, or a panel of biomarkers, which could provide early insights into which TBI patients are most susceptible to PTE, providing an opportunity for prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy and enabling more efficient large-scale PTE studies. Several recent reviews have provided a comprehensive overview of this subject (Neurobiol Dis, 123, 2019, 3; Neurotherapeutics, 11, 2014, 231). In this review, we describe acute and chronic imaging methods that detect biomarkers for PTE and potential mechanisms of epileptogenesis. We also describe shortcomings in current acquisition methods, analysis, and interpretation that limit ongoing investigations that may be mitigated with advancements in imaging techniques and analysis.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
None of the authors has any conflict of interest to disclose. We confirm that we have read the Journal's position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this report is consistent with those guidelines.
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