Hollow Women, Stuffed Women: Body Image and the Imagined Body in Patients with Eating Disorders
Corresponding Author
Elizabeth Hamlin
Address for correspondence: [[email protected]]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Elizabeth Hamlin
Address for correspondence: [[email protected]]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
‘Body image’ is a familiar concept in work with patients with eating disorders, but usually refers only to the distorted way in which the patient views her external body. However, patients with eating disorders can also experience distorted ideas about the insides of their bodies, specifically related to their bodies' abilities to metabolize food and fluids; they often conceive of their bodies as stuffed full of undigested and ultimately indigestible food. This aspect of the dysfunctional imagined body (Lemma, 2010) is often not openly discussed but engenders significant anxiety, perpetuates eating disorder symptoms, and can contribute to the eating disorder patient's need for inpatient treatment. Although acknowledging physiologic and cultural contributions to the construction of a dysfunctional imagined digestive system, this paper ultimately utilizes Bion's alimentary metaphor (Bion, 1962a) to discuss the relationship between alpha-functioning and the development of a functioning imagined digestive system.
REFERENCES
- Alexander, F. (1934) The influence of psychologic factors upon gastro-intestinal disturbances: A symposium − I. General principles, objectives, and preliminary restuls. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 3: 501 − 39.
- American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.
10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Google Scholar
- Anzieu, D. (1989) The Skin Ego. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Bion, W. (1957) Differentiation of the psychotic from the non-psychotic personalities. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 38: 268 − 75.
- Bion, W. (1962a) Learning From Experience. London: Tavistock.
- Bion, W. (1962b) The psycho-analytic study of thinking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 43: 306 − 10.
- Bion, W. (1992) Cogitations. London: Routledge.
- Birksted-Breen, D. (2009) ‘Reverberation time’, dreaming and the capacity to dream. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 90(1): 35 − 51.
- Birksted-Breen, D. (2012) Taking time: The tempo of psychoanalysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 93(4): 819 − 35.
- Bonaparte, M. (1940) Time and the unconscious. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 21: 427 − 68.
- Boris, H. (1984) On the treatment of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 65: 435 − 42.
- Brady, M.T. (2011) Invisibility and insubstantiality in an anorexic adolescent: Phenomenology and dynamics. Journal of Child Psychotherapy 37: 3 − 15.
10.1080/0075417X.2011.550414 Google Scholar
- Carvalho, R. (2012) The body and psychoanalysis: The work and influence of A.B. Ferrari. British Journal of Psychotherapy 28(4): 413 − 34.
10.1111/j.1752-0118.2012.01300.x Google Scholar
- Da Silva, G. (1990) Borborygmi as markers of psychic work during the analytic session—A contribution to Freud's 'Experience of Satisfaction' and to Bion's Idea about the digestive model for the thinking apparatus. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 71: 641 − 59.
- Eliot, T. (1925) The Hollow Men. London: Faber & Faber.
- Farrell, E. (1995) Lost for Words: The Psychoanalysis of Anorexia and Bulimia. London: Process Press.
- Freud, S. (1893) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Volume 2: Frau Emmy von N, Case Histories from Studies on Hysteria, (pp. 48 − 105).
- Fotopoulou, A. & Tsakiris, M. (2017) Mentalizing homeostasis: The social origins of interoceptive inference. Neuropsychoanalysis 19(1): 3 − 28.
10.1080/15294145.2017.1294031 Google Scholar
- Freud, S. (1895/1955) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume II (1893 − 1895): Studies on Hysteria. London: Hogarth Press.
- Freud, S. (1905/1953) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume VII (1901 − 1905): A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality, and Other Works. London: Hogarth Press.
- Freud, S. (1918/1955) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XVII (1917 − 1919): An Infantile Neurosis and Other Works. London: Hogarth Press.
- Freud, S. (1923/1961) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIX (1923 − 1925): The Ego and the Id and Other Works. London: Hogarth Press.
- Garma, A. (1953) The internalized mother as harmful food in peptic ulcer patients. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 34: 102 − 10.
- Garma, A. (1960) Symposium on disturbances of the digestive tract − I. The unconscious images in the genesis of the peptic ulcer. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 41: 444 − 9.
- Grotstein, J. (1990) The ‘black hole’ as the basic psychotic experience: Some newerpsychoanalytic and neuroscience perspectives on psychosis. Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis 18(1): 29 − 46.
- Grotstein, J. (1991) Nothingness, meaninglessness, chaos, and the ‘black hole’ III: Self- and interactional regulation and the background presence of primary identification. Contemporary Psychoanalysis 27: 1 − 33.
- Hamlin, E. (2020) ‘Nor any drop to drink’: Fluid restriction in patients with eating disorders. Psychoanalytic Psychology 37(3): 241 − 8.
- Heimann, P. (1952) Certain functions of introjection and projection in early infancy. In: M. Klein, Developments in Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth.
- Klein, M. (1928) Early stages of the Oedipus conflict. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 9: 167 − 80.
- Klein, M. (1930) The importance of symbol-formation in the development of the ego. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 11: 24 − 39.
- Klein, M. (1932) The Psycho-Analysis of Children. London: Hogarth.
- Lehman, E. (1949) Feeding problems of psychogenic origin - A survey of the literature. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 4: 461 − 88.
- Lemma, A. (2010) Under the Skin: A Psychoanalytic Study of Body Modification. New York: Routledge.
10.4324/9780203857984 Google Scholar
- Lileks, J. (2019) Lileks: Institute − Dayalets. Available at: http://lileks.com/institute/dayalets/index.html
- Lombardi, R. (2009) Body, affect, thought: Reflections on the work of Matte Blanco and Ferrari. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 78: 123 − 60.
- Lombardi, R. (2010) The body emerging from the ‘neverland’ of nothingness. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 79(4): 879 − 909.
- Lombardi, R. (2013) Death, time, and psychosis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 61: 691 − 726.
- Mehler, P. & Andersen, A. (2010) Eating Disorders: A Guide to Medical Care and Complications. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Meltzer, D. (1975) Adhesive identification. Contemporary Psychoanalysis 11: 289 − 310.
- National Eating Disorders Association (2019) Body Image & Eating Disorders. National Eating Disorders Association. Available at: https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/body-image-eating-disorders
- Rado, S. (1926) The psychic effects of intoxicants: An attempt to evoke a psycho-analytic theory of morbid cravings. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 7: 396 − 413.
- Rustin, J. & Ferguson, H. (2019) Expanding the empathic grasp in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: Adding a neuroscience perspective. Psychoanalysis, Self, and Context 14(3): 306 − 16.
- Schilder, P. (1935/1950) The Image & Appearance of the Human Body. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Segal, H. (1957) Notes on symbol formation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 38: 391 − 97.
- Sullivan, H.S. (1925) The oral complex. Psychonalaytic Review 12(1): 30 − 8.
- Tustin, F. (1990) The Protective Shell in Children and Adults. London: Karnac.
- Williams, G. (1997) Internal Landscapes and Foreign Bodies: Eating Disorders and Other Pathologies. London: Tavistock.
- Winnicott, D. (1960) The theory of the parent-infant relationship. International Journal of Psychiatry 41: 585 − 95.
- Zerbe, K. (1993) Whose body is it anyway? Understanding and treating psychosomatic aspects of eating disorders. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 57(2): 161 − 77.
- Zerbe, K. (2015) Psychodynamic issues in the treatment of binge eating: Working with shame, secrets, no-entry, and false body defenses. Clinical Social Work Journal 44(1).
- Zerbe, K. & Satir, D. (2016) Psychodynamic improvement in eating disorders: Welcoming ignored, unspoken, and neglected concerns in the patient to foster development and resiliency. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy 15(4): 259 − 77.
10.1080/15289168.2016.1228379 Google Scholar