Cigarette use is increasing among people with illicit substance use disorders in the United States, 2002–14: emerging disparities in vulnerable populations
Andrea H. Weinberger
Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMisato Gbedemah
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMelanie M. Wall
Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDeborah S. Hasin
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMichael J. Zvolensky
Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Behavioral Science, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Renee D. Goodwin
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Correspondence to: Renee D. Goodwin, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 West 125th Street, Rm 611, New York, New York 10027, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAndrea H. Weinberger
Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMisato Gbedemah
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMelanie M. Wall
Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDeborah S. Hasin
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMichael J. Zvolensky
Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Behavioral Science, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Renee D. Goodwin
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Correspondence to: Renee D. Goodwin, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 West 125th Street, Rm 611, New York, New York 10027, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background and aims
While cigarette smoking has declined over time, it is not known whether this decline has occurred similarly among individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) in the United States (US). The current study estimated trends in smoking from 2002 to 2014 among US individuals with and without SUDs.
Design
Linear time trends of current smoking prevalence were assessed using logistic regression models.
Setting
United States; data were drawn from the 2002 to 2014 National Household Survey on Drug Use (NSDUH), an annual US cross-sectional study.
Participants
A representative, population-based sample of US individuals age 12 yeas and older (total analytical population: n = 723 283).
Measurements
Past-month current smoking was defined as having smoked at least 100 lifetime cigarettes and reporting smoking part or all of at least one cigarette during the past 30 days. Respondents were classified as having any SUD if they met criteria for abuse or dependence for one or more of the following illicit drugs: cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, tranquilizers, cocaine, heroin, pain relievers, simulants and sedatives. A second SUD variable included all drugs listed above excluding cannabis use disorder (CUD). An additional variable included respondents who met criteria for cannabis abuse or dependence.
Findings
Among those with any SUD, the prevalence of smoking did not change from 2002 to 2014 (P = 0.08). However, when CUDs were separated from other SUDs, a significant increase in prevalence of smoking was observed among those with SUDs excluding CUDs (P < 0.001), while smoking decreased among those with CUDs (P < 0.001). Smoking declined among those without SUDs (P < 0.001). In 2014, smoking remained significantly more common among those with any SUD (55.48%), SUDs excluding CUDs (63.34%) and CUDs (51.34%) compared with those without these respective disorders (18.16, 18.55 and 18.64%; P < 0.001).
Conclusions
The prevalence of cigarette smoking in the United States increased from 2002 to 2014 among people with substance use disorders (SUDs) excluding cannabis use disorders (CUDs) and declined among those with CUDs and without SUDs. In 2014, the prevalence of smoking was multifold higher among those with SUDs, including CUDs, compared with those without SUDs.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| add14082-sup-0001-Data_S1.docxWord 2007 document , 41.8 KB |
Table S1 Diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders (substance abuse and substance dependence). Table S2 The association of current smoking with past-year substance use disorders by demographic characteristics, National Household Survey on Drug Use (NSDUH, age 12+), 2002–14. Table S3 The association of current smoking with past-year substance use disorders excluding cannabis use disorders by demographic characteristics, National Household Survey on Drug Use (NSDUH, age 12+), 2002–14. Table S4 The association of current smoking with past-year cannabis use disorders by demographic characteristics National Household Survey on Drug Use (NSDUH, age 12+), 2002–14. Table S5 Prevalence of current smoking in past-year substance use disorders excluding cannabis use disorders from 2002 to 2014 [National Household Survey on Drug Use (NSDUH), age 12+]. Table S6 Prevalence of current smoking in past-year cannabis use disorders from 2002 to 2014 [National Household Survey on Drug Use (NSDUH), age 12+]. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
References
- 1 World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Global Report: Mortality Attributable to Tobacco. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2012.
- 2 United States Department of Health and Social Services (USDHHS). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: USDHHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.
- 3Carter B. D., Abnet C. C., Feskanich D., Freedman N. D., Hartge P., Lewis C. E. et al. Smoking and mortality—beyond established causes. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 631–640.
- 4Jamal A., King B. A., Neff L. J., Whitmill J., Babb S. D., Graffunder C. M. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2005–2015. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 2016; 65: 1205–1211.
- 5Ng M., Freeman M. K., Fleming T. D., Robinson M., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Thomson B. et al. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980–2012. JAMA 2014; 311: 183–192.
- 6 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 Tobacco Collaborators. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2017; 389: 1885–1906.
- 7Smith P. H., Mazure C. M., McKee S. A. Smoking and mental illness in the US population. Tob Control 2014; 23: e147–53.
- 8Szatkowski L., McNeill A. Diverging trends in smoking behaviors according to mental health status. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17: 356–360.
- 9Grant B. F., Saha T. D., Ruan W. J., Goldstein R. B., Chou S. P., Jung J. et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73: 39–47.
- 10Weinberger A. H., Funk A. P., Goodwin R. D. A review of epidemiologic research on smoking behavior among persons with alcohol and illicit substance use disorders. Prev Med 2016; 92: 148–159.
- 11Hasin D. S., Saha T. D., Kerridge B. T., Goldstein R. B., Chou S. P., Zhang H. et al. Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001–2002 and 2012–2013. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72: 1235–1242.
- 12Hurt R. D., Offord K. P., Croghan I. T., Gomez-Dahl L., Kottke T. E., Morse R. M. et al. Mortality following inpatient addictions treatment. Role of tobacco use in a community-based cohort. JAMA 1996; 275: 1097–1103.
- 13Hser Y. I., McCarthy W. J., Anglin M. D. Tobacco use as a distal predictor of mortality among long-term narcotic addicts. Prev Med 1994; 23: 61–69.
- 14Ouellet-Plamondon C., Mohamed N. S., Sharif-Razi M., Simpkin E., George T. P. Treatment of comorbid tobacco addiction in substance use and psychiatric disorders. Curr Addict Rep 2014; 1: 61–68.
10.1007/s40429-013-0001-8 Google Scholar
- 15Cohn A., Elmasry H., Niaura R. Facility-level, state, and financial factors associated with changes in the provision of smoking cessation services in US substance abuse treatment facilities: results from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services 2006 to 2012. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 77: 107–114.
- 16 World Health Organization (WHO). Cannabis. WHO Press: Geneva, Switzerland; 2017 Available at: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/facts/cannabis/en/ (accessed 5 November 2017) (Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6vSXxIIKk).
- 17Grant B., Stinson F., Dawson D., Chou S., Dufour M., Compton W. et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 807–816.
- 18Hasin D. S., Kerridge B. T., Saha T. D., Huang B., Pickering R., Smith S. M. et al. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012–2013: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. Am J Psychiatry 2016; 173: 588–599.
- 19Azofeifa A., Mattson M. E., Schauer G., McAfee T., Grant A., Lyerla R. National estimates of marijuana use and related indicators—National Survey on Drug Use and Health, United States, 2002–2014. Morb Mort Wkly Rep Surveill Summ 2016; 65: 1–28.
- 20Hasin D. S., Sarvet A. L., Cerdá M., Keyes K. M., Stohl M., Galea S. et al. US adult illicit cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and medical marijuana laws: 1991–1992 to 2012–2013. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74: 579–588.
- 21Compton W. M., Han B., Jones C. M., Blanco C., Hughes A. Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002–2014: analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3: 954–964.
- 22Grucza R. A., Agrawal A., Krauss M. J., Cavazos-Behg P. A., Bierut L. I. Recent trends in the prevalence of marijuana use and associated disorders in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73: 300–301.
- 23Maxwell J. C., Mendelson B. What do we know about the impact of the laws related to marijuana? J Addict Med 2016; 10: 3–12.
- 24Williams J., Bretteville-Jensen A. L. Does liberalizing cannabis laws increase cannabis use? J Health Econ 2014; 36: 20–32.
- 25Hall W., Lynskey M. Evaluating the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States. Addiction 2016; 111: 1764–1773.
- 26Hajizadeh M. Legalizing and regulating marijuana in Canada: review of potential economic, social, and health impacts. Int J Health Policy Manag 2016; 5: 453–456.
- 27 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2013. Codebook. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA; 2014.
- 28 American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In: DSM-IV, 4th edn. Washington, DC: APA; 1994.
- 29Bieler G. S., Brown G. G., Williams R. L., Brogan D. J. Estimating model-adjusted risks, risk differences, and risk ratios from complex survey data. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171: 618–623.
- 30Guydish J., Passalacqua E., Tajima B., Chan M., Chun J., Bostrom A. Smoking prevalence in addiction treatment: a review. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13: 401–411.
- 31Guydish J., Passalacqua E., Pagano A., Martínez C., Le T., Chun J. et al. An international systematic review of smoking prevalence in addiction treatment. Addiction 2016; 111: 220–230.
- 32Tacke U., Wolff K., Finch E., Strang J. The effect of tobacco smoking on subjective symptoms of inadequacy (‘not holding’) of methadone dose among opiate addicts in methadone maintenance treatment. Addict Biol 2001; 14: 137–145.
- 33Blanco C., Okuda M., Wang S., Liu S. M., Olfson M. Testing the drug substitution switching-addictions hypothesis. A prospective study in a nationally representative sample. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71: 1246–1253.
- 34Kandel D., Kandel E. The Gateway hypothesis of substance abuse: developmental, biological and societal perspectives. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104: 130–137.
- 35Brook D. W., Brook J. S., Zhang C., Cohen P., Witeman M. Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 1039–1044.
- 36Weinberger A. H., Platt J., Esan H., Galea S., Erlich D., Goodwin R. D. Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of substance use disorder relapse: a nationally representative, prospective longitudinal investigation. J Clin Psychiatry 2017; 78: e152–60.
- 37McClure E. A., Campbell A. N., Pavlicova M., Hu M., Winhusen T., Vandrey R. G. et al. Cigarette smoking during substance use disorder treatment: secondary outcomes from a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study. J Subst Abuse Treat 2015; 53: 39–46.
- 38Lemon S. C., Friendmann P. D., Stein M. D. The impact of smoking cessation on drug abuse treatment outcome. Addict Behav 2003; 28: 1323–1331.
- 39Baca C. T., Yahne C. E. Smoking cessation during substance abuse treatment: what you need to know. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009; 36: 205–219.
- 40Winhusen T. M., Kropp F., Theobald J., Lewis D. F. Achieving smoking abstinence is associated with decreased cocaine use in cocaine-dependent patients receiving smoking-cessation treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 134: 391–395.
- 41Tsoh J. Y., Chi F. W., Mertens J. R., Weisner C. M. Stopping smoking during first year of substance use treatment predicted 9-year alcohol and drug treatment outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 114: 110–118.
- 42Prochaska J. J., Delucchi K., Hall S. M. A meta-analysis of smoking cessation interventions with individuals in substance abuse treatment or recovery. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004; 72: 1144–1156.
- 43McKelvey K., Thrul J., Ramo D. Impact of quitting smoking and smoking cessation treatment on substance use outcomes: an updated and narrative review. Addict Behav 2017; 65: 161–170.
- 44Das S., Hickman N. J., Prochaska J. J. Treating smoking in adults with co-occurring acute psychiatric and addictive disorders. J Addict Med 2017; 11: 273–279.
- 45Levy D. T., Chaloupka F., Gitchell J. The effects of tobacco control policies on smoking rates: a tobacco control scorecard. J Public Health Manag Pract 2004; 10: 338–353.
- 46Ekpu V. U., Brown A. K. The economic impact of smoking and of reducing smoking prevalence: review of evidence. Tob Use Insights 2015; 8: 1–35.
- 47Fiore M. C., Jaén C. R., Baker T. B., Bailey W. C., Benowitz N. L., Curry S. J. et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
- 48Richter K. P., Ahluwalia J. S. A case for addressing cigarette use in methadone nad other opioid treatment programs. J Addict Dis 2000; 19: 35–52.
- 49Nahvi S., Ning Y., Segal K. S., Richter K. P., Arnsten J. H. Varenicline efficacy and safety among methadone maintained smokers: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Addiction 2014; 109: 1554–1563.
- 50Rohsenow D. J., Martin R. A., Tidey J. W., Colby S. M., Monti P. M. Treating smokers in substance treatment with contingent vouchers, nicotine replacement and brief advice adapted for sobriety settings. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 72: 72–79.
- 51Apollonio D., Philipps R., Bero L. Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people in treatment for or recovery from substance use disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 11: CD010274.
- 52Muilenburg J. L., Laschober T. C., Eby L. T. Organizational factors as predictors of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy adoption in addiction treatment programs. J Addict Med 2014; 8: 59–65.
- 53Knudsen H. K., Muilenburg J., Eby L. T. Sustainment of smoking cessation programs in substance use disorder treatment organizations. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15: 1060–1068.
- 54Pagano A., Tajima B., Guydish J. Barriers and facilitators to tobacco cessation in a nationwide sample of addiction treatment programs. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 67: 22–29.
- 55Laschober T. C., Muilenburg J. L., Eby L. T. Factors linked to substance use disorder counselors' (non)implementation likelihood of tobacco cessation 5 A's, counseling, and pharmacotherapy. J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil 2015; 4: 134.
- 56Martin R. A., Cassidy R. N., Murphy C. M., Rohsenow D. J. Barriers to quitting smoking among substance dependent patients predict smoking cessation treatment outcome. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 64: 7–12.
- 57Rohsenow D. J., Tidey J. W., Kahler C. W., Martin R. A., Colby S. M., Sirota A. D. Intolerance for withdrawal discomfort and motivation predict voucher-based smoking treatment outcomes for smokers with substance use disorders. Addict Behav 2015; 43: 18–24.
- 58McHugh R. K., Votaw V. R., Fulciniti F., Connery H. S., Griffin M. L., Monti P. M. et al. Perceived barriers to smoking cessation among adults with substance use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 74: 48–53.
- 59Campbell B. K., Le T., Tajima B., Guydish J. Quitting smoking during substance use disorders treatment: patient and treatment-related variables. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 73: 40–46.
- 60Guydish J., Tajima B., Pramod S., Le T., Gubner N. R., Campbell B. et al. Use of multiple tobacco products in a national sample of persons enrolled in addiction treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 166: 93–99.
- 61Wang T. W., Kenemer B., Tynan M. A., Singh T., King B. Consumption of combustible and smokeless tobacco—United States, 2000–2015. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 2016; 65: 1357–1363.
- 62Gorber S. C., Schofield-Hurwitz S., Hardt J., Levasseur G., Tremblay M. The accuracy of self-reported smoking: a systematic review of the relationship between self-reported and cotinine-assessed smoking status. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11: 12–24.
- 63Fendrich M., Johnson T. P., Wislar J. S., Hubbell A., Spiehler V. The utility of drug testing in epidemiological research: results from a general population survey. Addiction 2004; 99: 197–208.
