Valproate and the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Final Thoughts
Andrew G. Herzog, Steven C. Schachter,
Steven C. Schachter
Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorAndrew G. Herzog, Steven C. Schachter,
Steven C. Schachter
Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorAddress correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. A. G. Herzog at Harvard Neuroendocrine Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A.
REFERENCES
- 1 Lobo RA. A disorder without identity: “HCA,”“PCO,”“PCOD,”“PCOS,”“SLS,” what are we to call it? Fertil Steril 1995; 63: 1158–6.
- 2 Knockenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kashar-Miller M, et al. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 3078–82.
- 3 Polson DW, Adams J, Wadsworth J, et al. Polycystic ovaries: a common finding in normal women. Lancet 1998; 1: 870–2.
- 4 Clayton RN, Ogden V, Hodgkinson J, et al. How common are polycystic ovaries in normal women and what is their significance for the fertility of the population? Clin Endocrinol 1992; 37: 127–34.
- 5 Herzog AG, Coleman AE, Jacobs AR, et al. Menstrual disorders, reproductive endocrine dysfunction and interictal discharge frequency in women with temporolimbic epilepsy. Neurology 1999; 52: A24–5.
- 6 Herzog AG, Seibel MM, Schomer D, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy: an extrahypothalamic pathogenesis for polycystic ovarian syndrome? Neurology 1984; 34: 1389–93.
- 7 Herzog AG, Seibel MM, Schomer DL, et al. Reproductive endocrine disorders in women with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 341–6.
- 8 Bilo L, Meo R, Nappi C, et al. Reproductive endocrine disorders in women with primary generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia 1988; 29: 612–9.
- 9 Murialdo G, Galimberti CA, Magri F, et al. Menstrual cycle and ovary alterations in women with epilepsy on antiepileptic therapy. J Endocrinol Invest 1997; 20: 519–26.
- 10 Sharf M, Sharf B, Bental E, et al. The electroencephalogram in the investigation of anovulation and its treatment by clomiphene. Lancet 1969; 1: 750–3.
- 11 Herzog AG. Polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with epilepsy: epileptogenic or iatrogenic? Ann Neurol 1996; 39: 559–60.
- 12 Herzog AG. A relationship between particular reproductive endocrine disorders and the laterality of epileptiform discharges in women with epilepsy. Neurology 1993; 43: 1907–10.
- 13 Herzog AG, Coleman AE, Jacobs AR, et al. Acute hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following unilateral epileptiform discharges in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000; 41: A167.
- 14 Herzog AG, Klein P, Jacobs AR, et al. Abnormal interictal prolactin elevations particularly among men and women with complex partial seizures of right temporal origin. Epilepsia 1997; 38: A48.
- 15 Bilo L, Meo R, Valentino R, et al. Abnormal patterns of luteinizing hormone pulsatility in women with epilepsy. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 705–11.
- 16 Drislane FW, Coleman AE, Schomer DL, et al. Altered pulsatile secretion in women with epilepsy. Neurology 1994; 44: 306–10.
- 17 Kiely J, Bertram EH, Quigg MS, et al. Effect of epilepsy on pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone. Epilepsia 2000; 54: A353.
- 18 Knobil E. The neuroendocrine control of the menstrual cycle. Recent Prog Horm Res 1980; 36: 53–80.
- 19 Spratt DI, Finkelstein JS, Butler JP, et al. Effects of increasing the frequency of low doses of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) on gonadotropin secretion in GnRH-deficient men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 1179–86.
- 20 Isojärvi JIT, Laatikainen TJ, Pakarinen AJ, et al. Polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1383–8.
- 21 Murialdo G, Galimberti CA, Gianelli MV, et al. Effects of valproate, phenobarbital and carbamazepine on sex steroid setup in women with epilepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol 1998; 21: 52–8.
- 22 Isojärvi JIT, Laatikainen TJ, Knip M, et al. Obesity and endocrine disorders in women taking valproate for epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1996; 39: 579–84.
- 23 Smith SS. Estradiol administration increases neuronal response to excitatory amino acids as a long-term effect. Brain Res 1989; 503: 354–7.
- 24 Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, et al. Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. Science 1986; 232: 1004–7.
- 25 Backstrom T. Epileptic seizures in women related to plasma estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle. Acta Neurol Scand 1976; 54: 321–47.
- 26 Herzog AG. Psychoneuroendocrine aspects of temporolimbic epilepsy: I. Brain, reproductive steroids and emotions. Psychosomatics 1999; 40: 95–101.
- 27 Herzog AG. Psychoneuroendocrine aspects of temporolimbic epilepsy: II. Epilepsy and reproductive steroids. Psychosomatics 1999; 40: 102–8.
- 28 Herzog AG. Psychoneuroendocrine aspects of temporolimbic epilepsy: III. Case reports. Psychosomatics 1999; 40: 109–16.
- 29 Heck ET & Cobb WE. The neuropsychology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1991; 6: 192–3.
- 30 Herzog AG. Intermittent progesterone therapy and frequency of complex partial seizures in women with menstrual disorders. Neurology 1986; 36: 1607–10.
- 31 Herzog AG. Progesterone therapy in women with complex partial and secondary generalized seizures. Neurology 1995; 45: 1660–2.
- 32 Herzog AG. Progesterone therapy in women with epilepsy: a 3-year follow up. Neurology 1999;52:1917–8.
- 33 Jafari K, Javaheri G, Ruiz G. Endometrial adenocarcinoma and the Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1978; 51: 97–101.
- 34 Guzik DS, Talbott EO, Sutton-Tyrell K, et al. Carotid atherosclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: initial results from a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 1224–32.
- 35 Wild RA, Grubb B, Hartz A, et al. Clinical signs of androgen excess as risk factors for coronary artery disease. Fertil Steril 1990; 54: 255.
- 36 Isojärvi JIT, Rättyä J, Myllylä VV, et al. Valproate, lamotrigine, and insulin-mediated risks in women with epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1998; 43: 446–51.
- 37 Taubøll E, Isojärvi JIT, Flinstad Harbo H, et al. Effects of long-term valproate treatment on serum sex steroid hormone levels and ovarian morphology in female Wistar rats. Seizure 1999; 8: 490–3.DOI: 10.1053/seiz.1999.0342
- 38 Sveberg Røste L, Taubøll E, Berner A, et al. Effects of long-term valproate and lamotrigine treatment on ovarian morphology and endocrine function in Wistar rats [Abstract]. Epilepsia 1999; 40(suppl 7): 162.
- 39 Fleiss JL. Statistical methods for rates and proportions. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1981.
- 40 Hesdorffer DC, Hauser WA, Annegers JF, et al. Major depression is a risk factor for seizures in older adults. Ann Neurol 2000; 47: 246–9.
- 41 Bremner JD, Narayan M, Anderson ER, et al. Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 115–8.
- 42 Abercrombie HC, Schaefer SM, Larson CL, et al. Metabolic rate in the right amygdala predicts negative affect in depressed patients. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 3301–7.
- 43 Bromfield EB, Altshuler L, Leiderman DB, et al. Cerebral metabolism and depression in patients with complex partial seizures. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 617–23.
Citing Literature
