Factor IX and thrombosis
Gordon D. O. Lowe,
Gordon D. O. Lowe
University Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
Search for more papers by this authorGordon D. O. Lowe,
Gordon D. O. Lowe
University Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
Search for more papers by this author Gordon D. O. Lowe, University Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
References
- Aggeler, P.M., White, S.E., Glendenning, M.B., Page, E.W., Leake, T.B., Bates, G. (1952) Plasma thromboplastin component (PTC) deficiency: a new disease resembling haemophilia. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 79, 692–694.
- Aledort, L.M. (1977) Factor IX and thrombosis. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology Supplement, 30, 40–42.
- Beguin, S., Lindhout, T., Hemker, H.C. (1989) The mode of action of heparin in plasma. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 60, 457–462.
- Beller, F.K. & Ebert, C. (1982) The coagulation and fibrinolytic enzyme system in pregnancy and the puerperium. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology, 13, 177–197.
- Benedict, C.R., Ryan, J., Wolitzky, B., Ramos, R., Gerlach, M., Tijburg, P., Stern, D. (1991) Active site-blocked factor IXa prevents intravascular thrombus formation in the coronary vasculature without inhibiting extravascular coagulation in a canine thrombosis model. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 88, 1760–1765.
- Berntorp, E., Bjorkman, S., Carlsson, M., Lethagen, S., Nilsson, I.M. (1993) Biochemical and in vivo properties of high purity factor-IX concentrates. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 70, 768–773.
- Biggs, R., Douglas, A.S., MacFarlane, R.G., Dacie, J.V., Pitney, W.R., Merskey, C., O'Brien, J.R. (1952) Christmas disease: a condition previously mistaken for haemophilia. British Medical Journal, ii, 1378–1382.
- Blatt, P.M., Lundblad, R.L., Kingdon, H.S., McLean, G., Roberts, H.R. (1974) Thrombogenic materials in prothrombin complex concentrates. Annals of Internal Medicine, 81, 766–770.
- Van Der Borne, P.A.K., Bajzar, L., Meijers, J.C.M., Nesheim, M.E., Bouma, B.N. (1997) Thrombin-mediated activation of factor XI results in a TAFI (thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) dependent inhibition of fibrinolysis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 99, 2323–2327.
- Briet, E., Van Tilburg, N.H., Veltkamp, J.J. (1978) Oral contraception and the detection of carriers in haemophilia B. Thrombosis Research, 13, 379–388.
- Briet, E., Bertina, R.M., Van Tilburg, N.H., Veltkamp, J.J. (1982) Haemophilia B Leyden: a sex-linked hereditary disorder that improves after puberty. New England Journal of Medicine, 306, 788–790.
- British Committee for Standardisation in Haematology (1998) Guidelines on oral anticoagulation, 3rd edn. British Journal of Haematology, 101, 374–387.
- Chu, K., Wu, S.M., Stanley, T., Stafford, D.W., High, K.A. (1996) A. mutation in the propeptide of factor IX leads to warfarin sensitivity by a novel mechanism. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 98, 1619–1625.
- Crossley, M., Ludwig, M., Stowel, K.M., De Vos, P., Olek, K., Brownlee, G.G. (1992) Recovery from haemophilia B Leyden: an androgen-responsive element in the factor IX promoter. Science, 257, 377–379.
- Daly, E., Vessey, M.P., Hawkins, M.M., Carson, J.L., Gough, P., Marsh, S. (1996) Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet, 348, 977–980.DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07113-9
- Dodd, W.J., Moyninan, A.C., Benson, R.R., Hall, C.A. (1975) The value of age and sex matched controls for coagulation studies. British Journal of Haematology, 29, 305–317.
- Feuerstein, G.Z., Toomey, J.R., Valocik, R., Koster, P., Patel, A., Blackburn, M.N. (1999a) An inhibitory anti-factor IX antibody efficiently reduces thrombus formation in a rat model of venous thrombosis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 82, 1443–1445.
- Feuerstein, G.Z., Patel, A., Toomey, J.R., Bugelski, P., Nichols, A.J., Church, W.R., Valocik, R., Koster, P., Baher, A., Blackburn, M.N. (1999b) Antithrombotic efficacy of a novel murine anti-human factor IX antibody in rats. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 19, 2554–2562.
- Franco, R.F., Reitsma, P.H., Lourenco, D., Maffei, F.H., Morelli, V., Tavella, M.H., Araujo, A.G., Piccinato, C.E., Zago, M.A. (1999) Factor XIII Val 34 Leu is a genetic factor involved in the aetiology of venous thrombosis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 81, 676–679.
- Giannelli, F. (1997) The genetics of blood coagulation and haemostasis. In: Haemophilia and Other Inherited Bleeding Disorders (ed. by C.R. Rizza & G.D.O. Lowe), pp. 43–86. Saunders, London.
- Gitel, S., Stephenson, R.C., Wessler, S. (1977) In vitro and in vivo correlation of clotting protease activity: effect of heparin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 74, 3028–3032.
- Goudemand, J., Marey, A., Caron, C., Wibaut, B., Mizon, P. (1993) Clinical efficacy of a highly purified SD-treated factor IX concentrate prepared by conventional chromatography. Transfusion Medicine, 3, 299–305.
- Gray, E., Tubbs, J., Thomas, S., Oates, A., Boisclair, M., Kemball-Cook, M.G., Barrowcliffe, T.W. (1995) Measurement of activated factor IX in factor IX concentrates: correlation with in vivo thrombogenicity. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 73, 675–679.
- Gurewich, V., Nunn, T., Lipinski, B. (1979) Activation of intrinsic or extrinsic blood coagulation in experimental venous thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation: pathogenic differences. Thrombosis Research, 14, 931–940.
- Hampton, K.K., Makris, M., Kitchen, S., Preston, F.E. (1991) Potential thrombogenicity of heat-treated prothrombin complex concentrates in haemophilia-B. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis, 2, 637–641.
- Hampton, K.K., Preston, F.E., Lowe, G.D.O., Walker, I.D., Sampson, B. (1993) Reduced coagulation activation following infusion of a highly purified factor IX concentrate compared to a prothrombin complex concentrate. British Journal of Haematology, 84, 279–284.
- Harbrecht, U., Oldenburg, J., Klein, P., Weber, D., Rockstroh, J., Haufland, P. (1998) Increased sensitivity of factor IX to phenprocoumon as a cause of bleeding in a patient with antiphospholipid antibody associated thrombosis. Journal of Internal Medicine, 243, 73–77.
- Harrison, J., Abildgaard, C., Lazerson, J., Culbertson, R., Anderson, G. (1985) Assessment of thrombogenicity of prothrombin complex concentrates in a porcine model. Thrombosis Research, 38, 173–188.
- Herring, S.W., Abildgaard, C., Shitanishi, K.T., Harrison, J., Gendler, S., Heldebrant, C.M. (1993) Human coagulation factor IX – assessment of thrombogenicity in animal models and viral safety. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 121, 394–405.
- Hoffman, M., Monroe, D.M., Oliver, J.A., Roberts, H.R. (1995) Factors IXa and Xa play distinct roles in tissue factor-dependent initiation of coagulation. Blood, 86, 1794–1801.
- Van Hylckama Vlieg, A., Van Der Linden, I.K., Bertina, R.M., Rosendaal, F.R. (2000) High levels of factor IX increase the risk of venous thrombosis. Blood, 95, 3678–3682.
- Kim, H.C., Matts, L., Eisele, J., Czachur, M., Saidi, P. (1991) Monoclonal antibody purified factor IX: comparative thrombogenicity to prothrombin complex concentrate. Seminars in Haematology, 28, 15–19.
- Kim, H.C., McMillan, C.W., White, G.C., Berman, G.E., Horton, M.W., Saidi, P. (1992) Purified factor-IX using monoclonal immunoaffinity technique – clinical trials in haemophilia-B and comparison to prothrombin complex concentrates. Blood, 79, 568–575.
- Kluft, C. & Lansink, M. (1997) Effect of oral contraceptives on haemostasis variables. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 78, 315–326.
- Koster, T., Rosendaal, F.R., Reitsma, P.H. (1994) Factor VII and fibrinogen levels as risk factors for venous thrombosis. A case-control study of plasma levels and DNA polymorphisms. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 71, 719–722.
- Kurachi, K. & Kurachi, S. (2000) Genetic mechanisms of age regulation of blood coagulation factor IX model. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 20, 902–906.
- Kurachi, S., Deyashiki, Y., Takeshita, J., Kurachi, K. (1999) Genetic mechanisms of age regulation of human blood coagulation factor IX. Science, 285, 739–743.
- Legnani, C., Promenzio, M., Guazzaloca, G., Coccheri, S., Palareti, G. (2000) Assessment of activated partial thromboplastin time and factor IX in subjects attending an anticoagulation clinic. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis, 11, 537–542.DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200009000-00005
- Limentani, S.A., Furie, B.C., Furie, B. (1994) The biochemistry of factor IX. In: Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 3rd edn (ed. by R.W. Colman, J. Hirsh, V.J. Marder & E.W. Salzman), pp. 94–108. Lippincott, Philadelphia.
- Lollar, P. & Fass, D.N. (1984) Inhibition of activated porcine factor IX by dansyl-glutamyl-glycyl-arginyl-chloromethylketone. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 233, 438–446.
- Lowe, G.D.O., Rumley, A., Woodward, M., Morrison, C.E., Philippou, H., Lane, D.A., Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1997) Epidemiology of coagulation factors, inhibitors and activation markers. The Third Glasgow MONICA Survey. I. Illustrative reference ranges by age, sex and hormone use. British Journal of Haematology, 97, 775–784.
- Lowe, G.D.O., Rumley, A., Woodward, M., Reid, E., Rumley, J. (1999a) Activated protein C resistance and the FV:R506Q mutation in a random population sample: associations with cardiovascular risk factors and coagulation variables. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 81, 918–924.
- Lowe, G.D.O., Haverkate, F., Thompson, S.G., Turner, R.M., Bertina, R.M., Turpie, A.G.G., Mannucci, P.M. on behalf of the ECAT DVT Study Group (1999b) Prediction of deep vein thrombosis after elective hip replacement surgery by preoperative clinical and haemostatic variables: the ECAT DVT Study. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 81, 879–886.
- Lowe, G.D.O., Woodward, M., Vessey, M.P., Rumley, A., Gough, P., Daly, E. (2000a) Thrombotic variables and risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism in women aged 45–64 years: relationships to hormone replacement therapy. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 83, 530–535.
- Lowe, G.D.O., Rumley, A., Woodward, M., Vessey, M. (2000b) C-reactive protein, idiopathic venous thrombo-embolism and hormone replacement therapy. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 84, 730–741.
- Lowe, G.D.O., Upton, M.N., Rumley, A., McConnachie, A., O'Reilly, D.S.J., Watt, G.C.M. (2001) Association of menopause and different hormone replacement therapies with thrombotic variables and C-reactive protein. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 86, 550–556.
- Ludlam, C.A., Lee, R.J., Prescott, R.J., Andrews, J., Kirke, E., Thomas, A.E., Chalmers, E.A., Lowe, G.D.O. (2000) Haemophilia care in central Scotland 1980–94. I. Demographic characteristics, hospital admissions and causes of death. Haemophilia, 6, 494–503.DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2516.2000.00405.x
- Lusher, J.M. (1991) Perspectives on the use of factor-IX complex concentrates in treatment of bleeding in persons with acquired factor-VIII inhibition. American Journal of Medicine, 91, S30–S34.
- Lusher, J.M. (1993) Prediction and management of adverse events associated with the use of factor-IX complex concentrates. Seminars in Haematology, 30, 36–40.
- MacGregor, I.R., Ferguson, J.M., McLaughlin, L.F., Burnouf, T., Prowse, C.V. (1991) Comparison of high purity factor-IX concentrates and prothrombin complex concentrate in a canine model of thrombogenicity. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 66, 609–613.
- Mannucci, P.M. & Giangrande, P.L.F. (1994) Acquired disorders of coagulation. In: Haemostasis and Thrombosis, 3rd edn (ed. by A.L. Bloom, C.D. Forbes, D.P. Thomas & E.G.D. Tuddenham), pp. 949–968. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
- Mannucci, P.M., Bauer, K.A., Gringeri, A., Barzegar, S., Bottasso, B., Simoni, L., Rosenberg, R.D. (1990) Thrombin generation is not increased in the blood of haemophilia-B patients after infusion of a purified factor-IX concentrate. Blood, 76, 2540–2545.
- Mannucci, P.M., Bauer, K.A., Gringeri, A., Barzegar, S., Santagostino, E., Tradati, F.C., Rosenberg, R.D. (1991) No activation of the common pathway of the coagulation cascade after a highly purified factor-IX concentrate. British Journal of Haematology, 79, 606–611.
- Meade, T.W. (1997) Hormone replacement therapy and haemostatic function. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 78, 765–769.
- Meade, T.W., Cooper, J.C., Stirling, Y. (1994) Factor VIII, ABO blood group and the incidence of ischaemic heart disease. British Journal of Haematology, 88, 601–607.
- Van Der Meer, F.J.M., Vos, H.L., Rosendaal, F.R. (1999) No indication for APTT screening in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 81, 364–366.
- Meijers, J.C.M., Tekelenburg, W.L.H., Bouma, B.N., Bertina, B.M., Rosendaal, F.R. (2000) High levels of coagulation factor XI as a risk factor for venous thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 696–701.
- Menache, D. (1990) New concentrates of factors VII, IX and X. Progress in Clinical Biology and Research, 324, 177–187.
- Menache, D., Behre, H.E., Orthner, C.L., Nunez, H., Anderson, H.D. (1984) Coagulation factor IX concentrate. method of preparation and assessment of potential in vivo thrombogenicity in animal models. Blood, 64, 1220–1227.
- Minnema, M.C., Peters, R.J.G., De Winter, R., Lubbers, Y.P.T., Barzegar, S., Bauer, K.A., Rosenberg, R.D., Hack, C.E., Ten Cate, H. (2000) Activation of clotting factors XI and IX in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 20, 2489–2493.
- Moyer, M.P., Tracy, R.P., Tracy, P.B., Van'T Veer, C., Sparks, C.E., Mann, K.G. (1998) Plasma lipoproteins support prothrombinase and other procoagulant enzymatic complexes. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 18, 458–465.
- Oldenburg, J., Quenzel, E.M., Harbrecht, U., Fregin, A., Kress, W., Muller, C.R. (1997) Missense mutations at Ala-10 in the factor IX propeptide: an insignificant variant in normal life but a decisive cause of bleeding during oral anticoagulant therapy. British Journal of Haematology, 98, 240–244.
- Pavlovsky, A. (1947) Contribution to the pathogenesis of hemophilia. Blood, 2, 185–191.
- Peters, J., Luddington, R., Brown, K., Baglin, C., Baglin, T. (1997) Should patients starting anticoagulant therapy be screened for missense mutations at Ala-10 in the factor IX propeptide? British Journal of Haematology, 99, 467–468.
- Phillippou, H., Adami, A., Lane, D., McGregor, I., Tuddenham, E., Lowe, G.D.O., Rumley, A., Ludlam, C. (1996) High purity factor IX and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC): pharmacokinetics and evidence that factor IXa is the thrombogenic trigger in PCC. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 76, 23–28.
- Poort, S.R., Rosendaal, F.R., Reitsma, P.H., Bertina, R.M. (1996) A common genetic mutation in the 3′-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood, 88, 3698–3703.
- Reiner, A.P. & Davie, E.W. (1994) The physiology and biochemistry of factor IX. In: Haemostasis and Thrombosis, 3rd edn (ed. by A.L. Bloom, C.D. Forbes, D.P. Thomas & E.G.D. Tuddenham), pp. 309–332. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
- Reitsma, P.H., Bertina, R.M., Van Amstel, J.K.P., Reimans, A., Briet, E. (1988) The putative factor IX gene promoter in haemophilia B Leyden. Blood, 72, 1074–1076.
- Rick, M.G. (1982) Activation of factor VIII by factor IX. Blood, 60, 744.
- Rizza, C.R. (1997) Clinical features and diagnosis of haemophilia, Christmas disease and von Willebrand disease. In: Haemophilia and Other Inherited Bleeding Disorders (ed. by C.R. Rizza & G.D.O. Lowe), pp. 87–113. Saunders, Philadelphia.
- Rosenberg, R.D. (2001) Vascular-bed-specific haemostasis and hypercoagulable states: clinical utility of activation peptide assays in predicting thrombotic events in different clinical populations. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 86, 41–50.
- Rosendaal, F.R. (2000) High levels of factor VIII and venous thrombosis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 83, 1–2.
- Rosendaal, F.R., Varekamp, I., Smit, C., Brocker-Vriends, A.H.J.T., Van Dijck, H., Vandenbroucke, J.P., Hermans, J., Suurmeijer, T.P.B.M., Briet, E. (1989) Mortality and causes of death in Dutch haemophiliacs, 1973–86. British Journal of Haematology, 71, 71–76.
- Rosendaal, F.R., Briet, E., Stibbe, J., Van Herpen, G., Gevers Leuven, J.A., Hofman, A., Vandenbroucke, J.P. (1990) Haemophilia protects against ischaemic heart disease: a study of risk factors. British Journal of Haematology, 75, 525–530.
- Rumley, A., Lowe, G.D.O., Sweetnam, P.M., Yarnell, J.W.G., Ford, R.P. (1999) Factor VIII, von Willebrand factor and the risk of major ischaemic heart disease in the Caerphilly Study. British Journal of Haematology, 105, 110–116.
- Santagostino, E., Mannucci, P.M., Grineri, A., Tagariello, G., Baudo, F., Bauer, K.A., Rosenberg, R.D. (1994) Markers of hypercoagulability in patients with haemophilia B given repeated, large doses of factor IX concentrates during and after surgery. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 71, 737–740.
- Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (1999) Antithrombotic Therapy. A National Clinical Guideline. SIGN, Edinburgh.
- Simpson, N.E. & Biggs, R. (1962) The inheritance of Christmas factor. British Journal of Haematology, 8, 191–198.
- Smith, K.J. (1988) Immunoaffinity purification of factor IX from commercial concentrates and infusion studies in animals. Blood, 72, 1269–1277.
- Soulier, J.P. & Larrieu, M.J. (1953) Differentiation of hemophilia into two groups. New England Journal of Medicine, 249, 547–553.
- Spanier, T.B., Oz, M.C., Madigan, J.D., Rose, E.A., Stern, D.M., Nowygrod, R., Schmidt, A.M. (1997) Selective anti-coagulation with active site blocked factor IXa in synthetic patch vascular repair results in decreased blood loss and operative time. Annals of the Society for Artificial Internal Organs, 43, M526–M530.
- Sweeney, J.D. & Hoernig, L.A. (1993) Age-dependent effect on the level of factor IX. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 99, 687–688.
- Thomas, D.P., Hampton, K.K., Dasani, H., Lee, C.A., Giangrande, P.L.F., Harman, C., Lee, M.L., Preston, F.E. (1994) A cross-over pharmacokinetic and thrombogenicity study of a prothrombin complex concentrate and a purified factor IX concentrate. British Journal of Haematology, 87, 782–788.
- Tijburg, P.N.M., Ryan, J., Stern, D.M., Wollitzky, B., Riman, A., Handley, D., Nawroth, P., Sixma, J.J., De Groot, O. (1991) Activation of the coagulation mechanism by tumor necrosis factor-stimulated cultured endothelial cells and their extracellular matrix. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 12067–12074.
- Watson, H.G. & Ludlam, C.A. (1997) Replacement therapy and other therapeutic products. In: Haemophilia and Other Inherited Bleeding Disorders (ed. by C.R. Rizza & G.D.O. Lowe), pp. 151–199. Saunders, London.
- Woodward, M., Lowe, G.D.O., Rumley, A., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Philippou, H., Lane, D.A., Morrison, C.E. (1997) Epidemiology of coagulation factors, inhibitors and activation markers. The Third Glasgow MONICA Survey. II. Relationships to cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease. British Journal of Haematology, 97, 785–797.
- Xu, N., Dahlback, B., Ohlin, A.-K., Nilsson, A. (1998) Association of vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins and C4b binding protein with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of human plasma. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 18, 33–39.
Citing Literature
